Nursing Elites

1. Why is it discouraged to use terms such as 'schizophrenic', 'autistic', and 'retarded' when referring to people with mental illness?

• A. These terms are no longer in the DSM
• B. There are only a small number of people diagnosed with these terms
• C. There is nothing wrong in using these terms
• D. Because people with mental illness are not defined by their condition

Correct answer: D

Rationale: It is discouraged to use terms like 'schizophrenic', 'autistic', and 'retarded' when referring to people with mental illness because people with mental illness should not be defined solely by their condition. Using such labels can reduce individuals to just their diagnosis, overlooking their individuality and other aspects of their identity. It is essential to treat individuals with mental illness with respect and dignity, focusing on their humanity rather than reducing them to a label. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the main reason for discouraging these terms lies in not defining individuals by their conditions, rather than the terms being in or out of the DSM, the number of diagnosed individuals, or the perception of whether there is anything wrong with using such terms.

2. Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 is the ________ stage.

• A. oral
• B. anal
• C. phallic
• D. genital

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 is the phallic stage. During this stage, children focus on the genitals and start to identify with the same-sex parent while developing the superego. Choice A, the oral stage, occurs during infancy (0-1 year), where gratification is centered around the mouth. Choice B, the anal stage, occurs between the ages of 1 and 3, focusing on toilet training. Choice D, the genital stage, is the final stage in Freud's theory, occurring from puberty onwards, where the focus is on mature sexual relationships.

3. When the parent returned in the strange situation experiment, babies with ____ attachment tend to remain upset for long periods of time, kicking, screaming, refusing to be distracted with toys, and sometimes arching back and away from contact?

• A. Secure
• B. Avoidant
• C. Ambivalent
• D. Disorganized

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In the strange situation experiment, babies with ambivalent attachment display distress and have difficulty calming down when a parent returns. They may kick, scream, refuse toys, and show signs of physical discomfort or resistance. This behavior is characteristic of ambivalent attachment, where the infant shows mixed emotions and finds it hard to be soothed by the returning parent. Secure attachment (Choice A) refers to babies who seek comfort from the parent but can be soothed upon return. Avoidant attachment (Choice B) involves babies showing little emotion upon reunion with the parent. Disorganized attachment (Choice D) displays inconsistent or confused behaviors in the strange situation experiment.

4. Classical and operant conditioning theories are classified under _________________, while sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory fall under ________________.?

• A. Psychodynamic; cognitive
• B. Learning; behavior modelling
• C. Behavioral; sociocultural
• D. Centration; cognitive

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Classical and operant conditioning theories are forms of learning theories, making them fall under the category of cognitive theories. On the other hand, sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory are cognitive theories that focus on how individuals perceive and process information, hence correctly classified under cognitive theories. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the classifications of the specified theories.

5. Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?

• A. Cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely.
• B. The findings have been too inconsistent to draw any conclusions.
• C. While the effects of divorce are negative on children, the effects on the spouses are generally positive.
• D. Due to modern acceptance of divorce, there has been an ongoing decrease in the negative effects of divorce.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it highlights a crucial factor that makes it challenging to establish a clear cause and effect relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members. Preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may influence both the likelihood of divorce and the psychological functioning of family members. Choice B is incorrect as it generalizes the findings without specifying the key issue of preexisting conditions. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the effects of divorce on family members. Choice D is incorrect as it presents a broad statement without addressing the complexities involved in determining the effects of divorce.

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