Nursing Elites

1. What is one strength of the cross-sectional design?

• A. It provides evidence about individual trends.
• B. It cannot be threatened by cohort effects.
• C. It is not plagued with dropout or practice effects.
• D. It permits longitudinal comparisons. Answer: C Page Ref: 34 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One strength of the cross-sectional design is that it is not plagued with dropout or practice effects. This is because cross-sectional studies assess different individuals at the same point in time, eliminating the risk of participants dropping out or improving due to repeated measures.

2. Which statement about epidural analgesia is true?

• A. It numbs the entire lower half of the body.
• B. It limits pain reduction to the pelvic region.
• C. It strengthens uterine contractions.
• D. It shortens the length of labor.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct statement about epidural analgesia is that it limits pain reduction to the pelvic region by blocking nerve signals from that specific area, providing pain relief during labor and delivery. Choice A is incorrect because epidural analgesia does not numb the entire lower half of the body. Choice C is incorrect because epidural analgesia does not strengthen uterine contractions; in fact, it may sometimes weaken them. Choice D is incorrect because epidural analgesia does not shorten the length of labor; it can sometimes prolong labor.

3. In the __________ period, teratogens rarely have any impact.

• A. germinal
• B. embryonic
• C. fetal
• D. prenatal

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the germinal period of prenatal development, which lasts for about the first two weeks after fertilization, the developing organism is a zygote that has not yet implanted in the uterus. During this period, teratogens rarely have any impact because essential implantation and early cellular division processes are occurring. Teratogens are more likely to have significant effects during the later embryonic and fetal periods of development. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B, embryonic period, is incorrect because teratogens have a higher likelihood of impacting development during this period. Choice C, fetal period, is also incorrect as teratogens can impact development during this stage as well. Choice D, prenatal, is a broad term encompassing the entire period of development from conception to birth and is not a specific developmental stage where teratogens have a minimal impact.

4. The information-processing approach views the human mind as a __________.

• A. socially mediated process
• B. collection of stimuli and responses
• C. system of genetically programmed behaviors
• D. symbol-manipulating system through which information flows

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The information-processing approach views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. This perspective emphasizes how information is received, processed, stored, and retrieved in the mind, similar to how a computer processes data through symbols and operations. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not align with the fundamental principles of the information-processing approach, which focuses on the mind's symbolic manipulation of information rather than being a socially mediated process, a collection of stimuli and responses, or a system of genetically programmed behaviors.

5. One criticism of the information-processing approach is that it __________.

• A. underestimates the individual's contribution to his or her own development
• B. ignores transformation in adulthood, concluding that no major cognitive changes occur after adolescence
• C. underestimates the competencies of infants and preschoolers, focusing on older children and adolescents
• D. is better at analyzing thinking into its components than at putting them back together into a comprehensive theory

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The criticism that the information-processing approach ignores transformation in adulthood, concluding that no major cognitive changes occur after adolescence, suggests a limitation of the theory in not fully acknowledging that cognitive development continues throughout the lifespan. This criticism highlights a potential drawback of the approach in terms of its understanding of cognitive changes beyond adolescence. Choice A is incorrect because the criticism is not about underestimating the individual's contribution. Choice C is also incorrect as the criticism is not related to age-specific competencies. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on a different aspect of the information-processing approach.

Similar Questions