Nursing Elites

1. What is one strength of the cross-sectional design?

• A. It provides evidence about individual trends.
• B. It cannot be threatened by cohort effects.
• C. It is not plagued with dropout or practice effects.
• D. It permits longitudinal comparisons. Answer: C Page Ref: 34 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One strength of the cross-sectional design is that it is not plagued with dropout or practice effects. This is because cross-sectional studies assess different individuals at the same point in time, eliminating the risk of participants dropping out or improving due to repeated measures.

2. Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place __________.

• A. at home and was a family-centered event
• B. at home, but away from other family members
• C. in a hospital with trained midwives
• D. in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place at home and was a family-centered event. During this period, most women gave birth at home with the help of family members and possibly a midwife. Hospitals were not common settings for childbirth at that time. Choice B is incorrect because childbirth was not typically done away from family members. Choice C is incorrect because hospitals were not the common setting for childbirth before the late 1800s. Choice D is incorrect because giving birth in the home of a medical professional or a hospital was not the norm during that period.

3. What are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby?

• A. Reflexes
• B. States of arousal
• C. Shrill cries
• D. Sleep patterns

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reflexes. Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli and are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby. Examples of newborn reflexes include sucking, rooting, grasping, and the Moro reflex. These reflexes are crucial for the newborn's survival and overall development. Choice B, states of arousal, refers to different levels of consciousness and responsiveness, not organized behavior patterns. Choice C, shrill cries, is a form of communication and not an organized behavior pattern. Choice D, sleep patterns, while important for newborns, are not the most obvious organized behavior patterns.

4. __________ coping is largely emotion-focused and self-blaming, impulsive, or escapist.

• A. Avoidant
• B. Ineffective
• C. Problem-focused
• D. Flexible

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Avoidant.' Avoidant coping refers to strategies that involve avoiding the problem and focusing more on emotions. This type of coping mechanism can often lead to negative outcomes as individuals may engage in self-blaming, impulsive behaviors, or seek escapist routes rather than addressing the issue directly. Choice B, 'Ineffective,' is a broad term and does not specifically capture the characteristics described in the question. Choice C, 'Problem-focused,' is the opposite of avoidant coping as it involves actively addressing the issue at hand. Choice D, 'Flexible,' does not align with the description provided, as flexibility in coping involves adapting strategies based on the situation, not necessarily being emotion-focused, self-blaming, impulsive, or escapist.

5. Newborn Mariana, who reacts strongly to unpleasant stimuli, is __________.

• A. probably easy to console
• B. susceptible to colic
• C. likely to spend less time in REM sleep
• D. unlikely to respond to swaddling

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Newborn Mariana, who reacts strongly to unpleasant stimuli, is described as susceptible to colic. Colic is often characterized by excessive crying and fussiness in newborn babies, which can be challenging to console. This description suggests that Mariana's strong reactions to unpleasant stimuli may make her more prone to colic. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the strong reactions to unpleasant stimuli do not imply being easy to console, affect REM sleep, or responsiveness to swaddling.

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