Nursing Elites

1. What is a surgical procedure to create an opening in the windpipe to assist with breathing?

• A. Tracheostomy
• B. Lobectomy
• C. Thoracotomy
• D. Pleurodesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Tracheostomy is the correct answer. It is a surgical procedure to create an opening in the windpipe (trachea) to assist with breathing. This procedure is commonly used for patients who require long-term ventilation support. Choice B, Lobectomy, involves the removal of a lobe of the lung and is not related to creating an opening in the windpipe. Choice C, Thoracotomy, is a surgical incision into the chest wall and is not specifically related to creating an opening in the windpipe. Choice D, Pleurodesis, is a procedure to treat recurrent pleural effusions by causing the pleural layers to stick together, and it is not related to creating an opening in the windpipe.

2. What is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body?

• A. Heart failure
• B. Cardiomyopathy
• C. Myocardial infarction
• D. Pulmonary edema

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Heart failure. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, resulting in a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body. Choice B, Cardiomyopathy, refers to diseases of the heart muscle, not specifically the inability to pump blood effectively. Choice C, Myocardial infarction, is a heart attack caused by a blocked blood supply to the heart muscle, not directly related to the heart's pumping efficiency. Choice D, Pulmonary edema, is a condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the lungs, often a consequence of heart failure but not the primary condition described in the question.

3. The client is on nitroglycerin patches. What should the nurse include in the client’s education?

• A. Rotate the application site with each new patch.
• B. Apply the patch at the same time each day.
• C. Leave the patch on for 24 hours, then remove it for 12 hours before applying a new one.
• D. Apply the patch to the same site each time.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Rotate the application site with each new patch.' When educating a client using nitroglycerin patches, it is essential to rotate the application site to prevent skin irritation. Choice B is incorrect because applying the patch at the same time each day is not a critical aspect of patch application. Choice C is incorrect as nitroglycerin patches are usually left on for a specific period, typically 12 to 14 hours, before being replaced. Choice D is incorrect because applying the patch to the same site each time can lead to skin irritation and tolerance development.

4. What is a condition characterized by episodes of severe, acute shortness of breath, often occurring at night?

• A. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
• B. Sleep apnea
• C. Orthopnea
• D. Dyspnea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is the correct answer. It is characterized by sudden episodes of severe shortness of breath during sleep, often waking the individual. Choice B, Sleep apnea, involves pauses in breathing during sleep but does not usually present with acute shortness of breath. Choice C, Orthopnea, refers to shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat and is relieved by sitting up. Choice D, Dyspnea, is a general term for difficult or labored breathing and does not specifically describe acute episodes at night.

5. What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the heart's outer lining, often causing chest pain and other symptoms?

• A. Pericarditis
• B. Endocarditis
• C. Myocarditis
• D. Valvular heart disease

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pericarditis is the correct answer because it is the inflammation of the pericardium, the outer lining of the heart. This condition commonly presents with symptoms like chest pain. Endocarditis (choice B) is the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. Myocarditis (choice C) is the inflammation of the heart muscle itself. Valvular heart disease (choice D) refers to various conditions affecting the heart valves, not specifically the outer lining of the heart.

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