Nursing Elites

1. What is the condition where the heart's mitral valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

• A. Mitral stenosis
• B. Aortic stenosis
• C. Tricuspid regurgitation
• D. Pulmonary hypertension

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mitral stenosis is the correct answer. It is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the heart's mitral valve, which hinders the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This obstruction can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue. Aortic stenosis (choice B) is the narrowing of the aortic valve, not the mitral valve. Tricuspid regurgitation (choice C) is the backflow of blood through the tricuspid valve, not narrowing. Pulmonary hypertension (choice D) is increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, not narrowing of the mitral valve.

2. Which neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system can decrease heart rate?

• A. Acetylcholine
• B. Norepinephrine
• C. Dopamine
• D. Serotonin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Acetylcholine is the correct answer. It is a neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system that can decrease heart rate. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters that usually have different effects on the body and are not specifically associated with decreasing heart rate. Norepinephrine, for example, is often related to the fight-or-flight response and can increase heart rate.

3. What is a chronic condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke?

• A. Hypertension
• B. Hypotension
• C. Hyperlipidemia
• D. Hyperglycemia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic condition characterized by persistently elevated pressure in the arteries. This condition increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health issues. Hypotension (choice B) refers to low blood pressure and is not the correct answer. Hyperlipidemia (choice C) is high levels of fats in the blood, not related to blood pressure. Hyperglycemia (choice D) is high blood sugar levels, not directly related to elevated blood pressure.

4. What is a device that delivers a fine spray of medication into the airways?

• A. Nebulizer
• B. Inhaler
• C. Oxygen concentrator
• D. Peak flow meter

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A nebulizer is a device that converts liquid medication into a fine mist, allowing it to be inhaled directly into the lungs. This makes it the correct answer to the question. Choice B, an inhaler, delivers medication in a different form - as a pressurized dose that needs to be inhaled. Choice C, an oxygen concentrator, is used to deliver oxygen to patients with breathing difficulties but does not deliver medication. Choice D, a peak flow meter, is used to measure how fast air can be blown out of the lungs and is not involved in delivering medication.

5. What term describes the phenomenon wherein decreased BP causes a reflex SNS response with increased pulse, increased contractility, and vasoconstriction; and increased BP causes reflex vagal responses resulting in decreased heart rate and passive vasodilation in the systemic arterioles?

• A. Baroreflex
• B. Cheyne-Stokes breathing
• C. Frank-Starling Law
• D. Starling reflex

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Baroreflex. The Baroreflex is a mechanism by which the body maintains blood pressure homeostasis through reflexive adjustments in heart rate and vascular tone. Choice B, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, is a pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing. Choices C and D, Frank-Starling Law and Starling reflex, are related to the intrinsic ability of the heart to adjust its output based on venous return, not specifically regulating blood pressure through reflex adjustments in heart rate and vascular tone as seen in the described phenomenon.

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