Nursing Elites

1. The term 'physiology' is related to

• A. the Latin meaning of 'physical shape.'
• B. the structure of internal organs.
• C. the Greek for 'cutting up.'
• D. the Greek for 'relationship to nature.'

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The term 'physiology' originates from the Greek words 'physis' (meaning nature) and 'logos' (meaning study or relationship). Therefore, the correct answer is 'the Greek for 'relationship to nature.' Choice A is incorrect as it refers to the Latin meaning of 'physiology,' not the Greek origin. Choice B is incorrect as it is specific to the structure of internal organs, not the overall study of nature. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a different term related to dissection or anatomy, not physiology.

2. Which part of the nephron is closest to the collecting duct?

• A. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• B. Bowman's Capsule
• C. Afferent Arteriole
• D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The DCT is the part of the nephron closest to the collecting duct, where the final adjustments to electrolyte and fluid balance are made. Bowman's Capsule is located at the beginning of the nephron, where filtration of blood occurs. The Afferent Arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus for filtration. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is situated after the Bowman's Capsule and is not the part closest to the collecting duct.

3. An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n)

• A. anatomist.
• B. physiologist.
• C. chemist.
• D. biochemist.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'physiologist.' A physiologist studies how the body functions under normal and abnormal conditions, including how temperature changes can affect physiological processes like heart rate. An anatomist focuses on the structure of organisms rather than their functions, making choice A incorrect. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they are more related to the study of chemicals and biochemistry, which are not directly relevant to investigating the effects of temperature on heart rate.

4. Which of the following is a role of platelets in hemostasis?

• A. formation of plugs
• B. promotion of vasodilation
• C. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
• D. activation of calcium

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming plugs to stop bleeding. Choice B is incorrect because platelets do not promote vasodilation; instead, they help in vasoconstriction. Choice C is incorrect as the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is a function of the coagulation cascade involving various clotting factors, not platelets. Choice D is incorrect as platelets do not directly activate calcium; instead, they play a role in the activation of other clotting factors.

5. Which of the following substances is involved in the destruction of ingested pathogens?

• A. lymphatic fluid
• B. stomach acid
• C. bicarbonate
• D. lipase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is stomach acid. Stomach acid, also known as gastric acid, plays a crucial role in destroying ingested pathogens due to its high acidity. The low pH of stomach acid helps to kill bacteria and other pathogens that may be present in the food we consume. Lymphatic fluid is involved in immune function and fat absorption, not pathogen destruction. Bicarbonate is a base that neutralizes stomach acid to prevent damage to the stomach lining. Lipase is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats but is not involved in pathogen destruction.

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