Nursing Elites

1. The nurse is giving the client digoxin for heart failure and recognizes that the drug has what type of effect on the heart?

• A. Negative inotropic, negative chronotropic effect
• B. Positive inotropic, negative chronotropic effect
• C. Negative inotropic, positive chronotropic effect
• D. Positive inotropic, positive chronotropic effect

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Positive inotropic, negative chronotropic effect. Digoxin strengthens the heart muscle, providing a positive inotropic effect, which increases the force of contraction. It also decreases the heart rate, having a negative chronotropic effect. Choice A is incorrect because digoxin has a positive inotropic effect, not a negative inotropic effect. Choice C is incorrect as digoxin does not have a positive chronotropic effect but a negative one. Choice D is incorrect because while digoxin has a positive inotropic effect, it does not have a positive chronotropic effect.

2. Which term refers to the relaxation phase of the heart, during which the chambers fill with blood?

• A. Diastole
• B. Systole
• C. Refractoriness
• D. Automaticity

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Diastole. Diastole is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles relax, allowing the chambers to fill with blood. Choice B, Systole, is incorrect as systole is the contraction phase of the heart when blood is pumped out of the chambers. Choice C, Refractoriness, refers to a period during which the heart muscle is unresponsive to stimuli. Choice D, Automaticity, relates to the heart's ability to generate its own electrical impulses.

3. What type of stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain?

• A. Ischemic stroke
• B. Hemorrhagic stroke
• C. Transient ischemic attack
• D. Embolism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery supplying blood to the brain, leading to brain damage. Choice B, Hemorrhagic stroke, is caused by bleeding in the brain, not a blockage. Choice C, Transient ischemic attack, is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain with symptoms similar to a stroke but typically lasting only a few minutes. Choice D, Embolism, refers to a blood clot or other particle that travels through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel.

4. What is a surgical procedure to create an opening in the windpipe to assist with breathing?

• A. Tracheostomy
• B. Lobectomy
• C. Thoracotomy
• D. Pleurodesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Tracheostomy is the correct answer. It is a surgical procedure to create an opening in the windpipe (trachea) to assist with breathing. This procedure is commonly used for patients who require long-term ventilation support. Choice B, Lobectomy, involves the removal of a lobe of the lung and is not related to creating an opening in the windpipe. Choice C, Thoracotomy, is a surgical incision into the chest wall and is not specifically related to creating an opening in the windpipe. Choice D, Pleurodesis, is a procedure to treat recurrent pleural effusions by causing the pleural layers to stick together, and it is not related to creating an opening in the windpipe.

5. What is an acute respiratory infection that inflames the alveoli in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid or pus?

• A. Pneumonia
• B. Bronchitis
• C. Tuberculosis
• D. Asthma

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pneumonia is the correct answer because it is an acute respiratory infection that inflames the alveoli in one or both lungs, leading to the accumulation of fluid or pus. This condition presents with symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not the alveoli. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but does not always result in alveolar inflammation. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing, not alveolar inflammation.

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