ATI RN
ATI Fluid and Electrolytes
1. What is the most important regulator of the amount of sodium in the body?
- A. Kidneys
- B. Small intestine
- C. Large intestine
- D. Skin
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating the amount of sodium in the body. They achieve this by filtering blood and controlling the excretion or reabsorption of sodium. The small intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption, not sodium regulation. The large intestine is mainly involved in water absorption and waste elimination, not sodium balance. The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweating and does not directly regulate sodium levels.
2. What is the therapeutic use of metformin?
- A. Lower blood pressure
- B. Diminish seizure activity
- C. The maintenance of a person's blood glucose levels
- D. Increase heart rate and decrease gastrointestinal secretions
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Metformin is commonly prescribed to manage and control blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes. It helps in reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and improves the body's response to insulin, thereby aiding in the regulation of blood sugar levels. It is not used to lower blood pressure, diminish seizure activity, increase heart rate, or decrease gastrointestinal secretions.
3. You are to apply a transdermal patch of nitoglycerin to your client. The following are important guidelines to observe EXCEPT:
- A. Apply to hairless clean area of the skin not subject to much wrinkling
- B. Patches may be applied to distal part of the extremities like forearm
- C. Change application and site regularly to prevent irritation of the skin
- D. Wear gloves to avoid any medication on your hand
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Understanding the underlying pathology and therapeutic techniques ensures that nursing care is not only reactive but also preventative, reducing the risk of complications.
4. A nurse is caring for a client who has Cushing's syndrome. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?
- A. Hypotension.
- B. Weight loss.
- C. Hyperkalemia.
- D. Hypercalcemia.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: In clients with Cushing's syndrome, the nurse should expect hyperkalemia. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excess cortisol levels, which can lead to potassium retention and result in hyperkalemia. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Hypotension is not typically associated with Cushing's syndrome; instead, hypertension is more common due to the effects of cortisol. Weight gain, rather than weight loss, is a common symptom of Cushing's syndrome. Hypercalcemia is not a typical finding in Cushing's syndrome; instead, hypocalcemia may occur due to increased urinary calcium excretion.
5. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, __________?
- A. children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
- B. children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults
- C. adult teaching is the best way to foster development
- D. rapid development occurs during sensitive periods
Correct answer: A
Rationale: According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Piaget emphasized that children learn through their own actions and interactions with the environment, leading to cognitive development. Choice B is incorrect because Piaget's theory focuses on children's active engagement in learning rather than passive reinforcement. Choice C is incorrect because Piaget's theory highlights the child's role in constructing knowledge, not solely relying on adult teaching. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to sensitive periods, a concept more associated with other developmental theories like Erikson's psychosocial theory, not Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.
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