Nursing Elites

1. The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.

• A. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do
• B. growth is the process of gradually augmenting the skills that were present from the beginning
• C. infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
• D. development is a smooth process limited only by a lack of information and precision

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The discontinuous view of development holds that infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. This perspective suggests that development is not a continuous or smooth process, but rather occurs in distinct stages or phases marked by qualitative differences in abilities and behaviors. This contrasts with the idea that development is a gradual augmentation of skills present from the beginning (choice B) or that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in the same way as adults (choice A). Choice D is incorrect because the discontinuous view does not consider development as a smooth process limited by a lack of information and precision. Ultimately, the discontinuous view emphasizes the distinct and evolving nature of development across the lifespan.

2. Lanugo ________.

• A. permits food and oxygen to reach the organism
• B. provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements
• C. helps regulate the fetus's body temperature
• D. helps the vernix stick to the skin

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Lanugo helps the vernix stick to the skin. Vernix is a waxy substance that covers the fetus's skin during pregnancy. Lanugo is a fine, downy hair that helps to anchor the vernix to the skin, providing protection and nourishment to the developing fetus. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the role of lanugo in prenatal development.

3. Brain growth is especially dramatic during __________, when the brain more than doubles in size.

• A. the first year
• B. the second year
• C. middle childhood
• D. adolescence

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Brain growth is especially dramatic during the first year of life when the brain more than doubles in size. This period is characterized by rapid neural development and growth. The brain doesn't double in size during the second year, making choice B incorrect. Middle childhood and adolescence do not represent periods where the brain more than doubles in size, making choices C and D incorrect, respectively.

4. When Baby Ian is held horizontally on his back, he sometimes makes an “embracing” motion by arching his back, extending his legs, throwing his arms outward, and then bringing his arms in toward his body. Ian is demonstrating the __________.

• A. palmar grasp
• B. Moro reflex
• C. tonic neck reflex
• D. Babinski reflex

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Baby Ian is demonstrating the Moro reflex. The Moro reflex is a normal newborn reflex that occurs when a baby feels like they are falling or losing support. It is characterized by arching the back, extending the legs, throwing the arms outward, and then bringing the arms in toward the body. This reflex is a primitive survival instinct that typically disappears around 6 months of age. Choice A, palmar grasp, involves the baby's fingers closing around an object when it touches their palm. Choice C, tonic neck reflex, involves the baby assuming a fencing position when their head is turned to one side. Choice D, Babinski reflex, is characterized by the fanning out and curling of the baby's toes when the sole of the foot is stroked.

5. Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.

• A. plasticity
• B. stability
• C. nurture
• D. discontinuity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Theorists who emphasize stability argue that powerful negative events early in life cannot be completely overcome by later, more positive experiences. They believe that early experiences have a lasting impact on development and are not easily erased or reversed by subsequent events. This perspective contrasts with the idea of plasticity, which suggests that development can be influenced by experiences at any point in life, and that individuals have the capacity for change and growth throughout the lifespan. 'Nurture' does not directly address the concept of overcoming negative events, while 'discontinuity' refers to developmental stages being separate and distinct, not the idea that negative events early in life persist despite later positive experiences.

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