Nursing Elites

1. Signs of aging at the cellular level are

• A. graying hair, waning strength, and wrinkles.
• B. unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins.
• C. impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts.
• D. a fatty liver and clogged blood vessels.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts.' Aging at the cellular level involves reduced efficiency in cell division and the breakdown/recycling of cellular components, leading to functional decline. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they involve external physical manifestations or organ-specific issues rather than cellular-level changes associated with aging.

2. Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body and heat and pressure __________.

• A. decrease steadily
• B. remain within certain limited ranges
• C. increase when the body is stressed
• D. fluctuate greatly between very high and low values

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. To achieve this balance, concentrations of essential substances must remain within specific ranges. Choice A is incorrect because decreasing concentrations would not maintain stability. Choice C is incorrect as increasing concentrations when the body is stressed would disrupt homeostasis. Choice D is incorrect as fluctuating greatly between high and low values would also not support the body's stability. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it aligns with the concept of homeostasis by emphasizing the need for stability within certain limits.

3. Which part of the nephron is closest to the collecting duct?

• A. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• B. Bowman's Capsule
• C. Afferent Arteriole
• D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The DCT is the part of the nephron closest to the collecting duct, where the final adjustments to electrolyte and fluid balance are made. Bowman's Capsule is located at the beginning of the nephron, where filtration of blood occurs. The Afferent Arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus for filtration. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is situated after the Bowman's Capsule and is not the part closest to the collecting duct.

4. What function is associated with the dermal layer of the skin?

• A. Sensory perception
• B. To provide support and structure to the skin
• C. Protection from UV rays
• D. Insulation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct function associated with the dermal layer of the skin is to provide support and structure to the skin. The dermis is the thickest layer of the skin and is responsible for maintaining the skin's integrity and firmness. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as sensory perception, protection from UV rays, and insulation are functions associated with other layers of the skin, such as the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue.

5. Which of the following structures of the gastrointestinal system absorbs iron and bile salts?

• A. Ileum
• B. Jejunum
• C. Colon
• D. Duodenum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Ileum. The Ileum is the final section of the small intestine where the absorption of key nutrients such as iron and bile salts occurs. The Jejunum mainly absorbs nutrients like carbohydrates and proteins, while the Duodenum primarily facilitates the absorption of minerals and vitamins. The Colon's main function is to absorb water and electrolytes, not iron and bile salts. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect.

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