Nursing Elites

1. Self-reports __________.

• A. use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view
• B. describe the entire stream of behavior—everything said and done over a certain time period
• C. range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests
• D. bring together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Self-reports can range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests. This variety allows researchers to collect information from participants in different ways, depending on the research goals and the type of information being sought. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the range and flexibility of self-reports as outlined in the field of research methodology.

2. Students who are foreign-born or first-generation Americans _______ than students of native-born parents.

• A. are more likely to commit delinquent and violent acts
• B. are more likely to be obese
• C. often achieve in school as well as or better
• D. tend to report lower self-esteem

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to the information provided in the text box 'CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land' on page 32, students who are foreign-born or first-generation Americans often achieve in school as well as or better than students of native-born parents. This implies that they excel academically despite facing challenges related to cultural adaptation and assimilation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the provided information specifically highlights the academic achievement of foreign-born or first-generation American students compared to students of native-born parents, not their likelihood of committing delinquent acts, obesity rates, or self-esteem levels.

3. Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.

• A. understand the interaction between biological factors and social influences in cognitive development
• B. overemphasize the role of heredity in cognitive change
• C. emphasize children's independent efforts to make sense of their world
• D. place too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience did not lead him to neglect the biological side of development. Instead, he believed that biological factors and social influences interact to shape cognitive development. Choice A is correct because it reflects Vygotsky's view that biological factors and social experiences work together in cognitive development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as Vygotsky's emphasis was not on overemphasizing heredity, focusing solely on independent efforts of children, or placing too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development.

4. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon __________.

• A. wrote the first book of its time on aging
• B. were among the first to make child development knowledge meaningful to parents
• C. regarded development as a maturational process
• D. constructed the first successful intelligence test Answer: D Page Ref: 14 Skill Level: Remember Topic: Scientific Beginnings Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon constructed the first successful intelligence test, known as the Binet-Simon scale, in an effort to measure a child's intelligence level. This test was groundbreaking at the time and laid the foundation for the development of future intelligence tests.

5. Dr. O'Connor wants 90-year-old Mr. Takashi to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Takashi is incapable of consenting. Which statement best expresses your advice regarding Mr. Takashi's participation in the study?

• A. He should not be allowed to participate in the study under any circumstances.
• B. He should be allowed to participate in the study regardless of the benefit.
• C. He should be allowed to participate in the study only if his participation will benefit others.
• D. He should be allowed to participate in the study only if it is likely to benefit him directly.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Mr. Takashi should be allowed to participate in the study only if it is likely to benefit him directly. This decision aligns with the principle of beneficence in research ethics, which emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing risks for research participants. Since Mr. Takashi is incapable of giving consent, his participation should be based on the likelihood of direct benefits to him rather than solely for the benefit of others or solely for research purposes. Option A is too restrictive and does not consider potential benefits to Mr. Takashi. Option B is flawed as it disregards the need for the study to benefit Mr. Takashi. Option C focuses on benefiting others, which is not the primary consideration when the participant cannot give consent.

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