Nursing Elites

1. In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older.

• A. cross-sectional
• B. experimental
• C. longitudinal
• D. correlational

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: longitudinal. In a longitudinal design, participants are followed and studied over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and continuity in development as individuals age. This design is crucial for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. Cross-sectional studies (Choice A) involve comparing different groups at the same time point, while experimental studies (Choice B) involve manipulating variables to observe their effects. Correlational studies (Choice D) examine relationships between variables but do not involve studying participants over time.

2. According to psychosexual theory, what is crucial for healthy personality development?

• A. Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world.
• B. Directly observable events are the appropriate focus of psychological study.
• C. How parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years.
• D. The ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to psychosexual theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development. This theory suggests that personality development is heavily influenced by a child's experiences during early stages of development, particularly related to handling sexual and aggressive impulses. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the core principles of psychosexual theory, which focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences, especially in the context of sexual and aggressive drives.

3. What is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor?

• A. an anesthetic
• B. a spinal block
• C. fetal monitoring
• D. epidural analgesia

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Epidural analgesia is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor. It involves the administration of pain medication through a catheter placed in the epidural space of the spine, providing pain relief while allowing the mother to remain alert and participate in the birthing process. It is preferred by many women due to its effectiveness in reducing labor pain. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly address pain management during labor. While an anesthetic and a spinal block are forms of pain relief, epidural analgesia is specifically the most common method used for pain control during labor.

4. To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills, researchers focus on __________.

• A. sedentary adults
• B. competitive athletes
• C. men in their mid- to late thirties
• D. women in their childbearing years

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: competitive athletes. Competitive athletes are often studied by researchers to investigate the impact of biological aging on motor skills because their performance is closely linked to physical abilities. Sedentary adults (choice A) may not provide a clear understanding of the relationship between biological aging and motor skills as they may not engage in consistent physical activity. Men in their mid- to late thirties (choice C) and women in their childbearing years (choice D) may not represent a group where motor skills are as finely tuned and critical to performance as in competitive athletes.

5. Fraternal twins are ____________.

• A. genetically identical
• B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
• C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
• D. less likely with each additional birth

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.

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