Nursing Elites

1. Much of the research investigating probiotics and intestinal illness has focused on the prevention and treatment of _____.

• A. irritable bowel syndrome
• B. Crohn's disease
• C. diverticulitis
• D. infectious diarrhea

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: infectious diarrhea.' Research has extensively explored the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of infectious diarrhea. Probiotics can aid in restoring the balance of gut flora, thereby reducing symptoms. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while probiotics may have some benefits for these conditions, the primary focus of research in relation to probiotics and intestinal illness has been on infectious diarrhea.

2. Which nutrient deficiency produces microcytic anemia, fatigue, faulty digestion, blue sclerae, pale conjunctivae, and tachycardia?

• A. Zinc
• B. Iron
• C. Sodium
• D. Potassium

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A deficiency in iron can lead to various symptoms, such as microcytic anemia, fatigue, faulty digestion, blue sclerae, pale conjunctivae, and tachycardia. Iron-deficiency anemia may be caused by inadequate dietary intake; accelerated demand or losses; and inadequate absorption secondary to diarrhea, decreased acid secretions, or antacid therapy. Iron deficiency is frequently the result of postnatal feeding practices and has a serious impact on growth and mental and psychomotor development in infants and children. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as zinc deficiency typically presents with symptoms like impaired wound healing, taste abnormalities, and hair loss; sodium deficiency can lead to symptoms such as muscle cramps, dizziness, and confusion; and potassium deficiency may cause muscle weakness, fatigue, and abnormal heart rhythms.

3. Each statement is true, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Infant formulas should be discontinued at approximately 1 year of age
• B. Low-fat milk is not recommended for children younger than 2 years
• C. Special toddler formulas are available but are unnecessary
• D. Vitamin D-fortified whole milk should not be provided until 2 years

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Vitamin D-fortified whole milk should be provided starting at age 1 after discontinuing breast feeding or infant formulas, not at 2 years. Providing whole milk at age 2 is appropriate. Choices A, B, and C are correct statements: infant formulas are typically discontinued around 1 year of age, low-fat milk is not recommended for children under 2 years, and special toddler formulas are unnecessary.

4. A nurse is reinforcing dietary teaching with a client who has vitamin A deficiency. Which of the following food choices should the nurse recommend as the best source of vitamin A?

• A. 1 small baked sweet potato
• B. 1 cup avocado
• C. 1 cup green beans
• D. 1 large apple

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Sweet potatoes are rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A, essential for vision and immune function. Avocado (choice B) is a good source of healthy fats but not high in vitamin A. Green beans (choice C) are nutritious but not a significant source of vitamin A. Apples (choice D) are low in vitamin A compared to sweet potatoes.

5. Which dietary recommendation is most appropriate for a patient with gout?

• A. Increase protein intake
• B. Reduce carbohydrate intake
• C. Avoid purine-rich foods
• D. Increase calcium intake

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The most appropriate dietary recommendation for a patient with gout is to avoid purine-rich foods. Purine-rich foods such as red meat and shellfish can lead to increased uric acid levels in the body, triggering gout flare-ups. Increasing protein intake (Choice A) is not recommended as some high-protein foods are also high in purines. Reducing carbohydrate intake (Choice B) and increasing calcium intake (Choice D) are not directly related to managing gout symptoms.

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