Nursing Elites

1. Mothers who __________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors.

• A. choose cesarean delivery
• B. give birth at home
• C. are supported by a trained companion during childbirth
• D. are administered epidural analgesia during childbirth

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to research, mothers who are supported by a trained companion during childbirth have fewer birth complications and shorter labors. This support can reduce stress and anxiety levels, provide comfort and encouragement, and help the mother feel more in control during labor and delivery. Overall, having a trained companion present can contribute to a more positive childbirth experience for the mother. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the research findings that specifically highlight the benefits of having a trained companion during childbirth.

2. During the third stage of labor, __________.

• A. the cervix thins to nothing
• B. uterine contractions begin
• C. the placenta is delivered
• D. the baby is born

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During the third stage of labor, the correct answer is C, the placenta is delivered. This stage occurs after the baby is born and involves the expulsion of the placenta from the uterus. Choice A is incorrect because the thinning of the cervix to nothing typically occurs during the first stage of labor. Choice B is incorrect as uterine contractions usually begin during the first stage of labor to help with the dilation of the cervix. Choice D is incorrect because the baby is typically born in the second stage of labor, not the third.

3. Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a _________ process.

• A. socially mediated
• B. genetically predictable
• C. preoperational
• D. neurological

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process, emphasizing the role of social interactions and cultural influences in shaping a child's cognitive development. This is in contrast to Jean Piaget, who focused more on individual interactions with the environment. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is significantly influenced by social interactions with others, highlighting the importance of collaborative learning and cultural context. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with Vygotsky's perspective on cognitive development.

4. Piaget's critics point out that __________.

• A. he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children
• B. his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences
• C. discovery learning rather than adult teaching is the best way to foster development
• D. children's performances on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Piaget's critics point out that his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences. Critics argue that Piaget's theory does not fully consider the impact of social interactions, cultural differences, and individual experiences on children's cognitive development. They believe that these factors play a crucial role in shaping a child's thinking and problem-solving abilities, which should be given more emphasis. Choice A is incorrect because Piaget's critics do not focus on him overestimating the competencies of infants and young children. Choice C is incorrect as it discusses a different aspect of learning rather than the critique of Piaget's theory. Choice D is also incorrect since critics do not argue that children's performances on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training.

5. Most cognitive aging research has focused on intellectual ________.

• A. stability
• B. gains
• C. competence
• D. deficits

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: deficits.' Most cognitive aging research has indeed focused on deficits rather than stability, gains, or competence. Studies have consistently shown that deficits in processing speed and memory are common in aging individuals, making it a primary area of interest in research. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because cognitive aging research primarily aims to understand and address deficits associated with aging rather than focusing on stability, gains, or overall competence.

Similar Questions