Nursing Elites

1. Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade was using __________.

• A. naturalistic observation
• B. ethnography
• C. self-reports
• D. structured observation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Jade was using ethnography. Ethnography involves the systematic study of people and cultures through participant observation and interviews. In this case, Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children, which aligns with the methodology of ethnography. Ethnography allows researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of a particular cultural group's behaviors, practices, and beliefs. Choice A, naturalistic observation, involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference or manipulation. While similar to ethnography in some aspects, naturalistic observation does not typically involve the same level of cultural immersion and participant interaction as ethnography. Choice C, self-reports, refers to data collected directly from participants about their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. This method relies on participants' subjective responses and may not provide the same depth of cultural insights as ethnography. Choice D, structured observation, involves observing behavior in a structured and controlled environment. Unlike ethnography, structured observation does not focus on the cultural nuances and immersive study of a specific community.

2. What is a major strength of the clinical interview?

• A. Makes comparing individuals' responses very easy
• B. Can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period
• C. Is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group
• D. Allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The major strength of the clinical interview is that it can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period. This allows researchers to gather detailed data about an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors efficiently. Choice A is incorrect because the clinical interview focuses on gathering information from individuals rather than comparing their responses. Choice C is incorrect as clinical interviews are primarily aimed at understanding individuals rather than cultures or social groups. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a strength of naturalistic observations, not clinical interviews.

3. Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory ________.

• A. overemphasize the plasticity of cognitive development
• B. overestimate people's contributions to their own development
• C. offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences
• D. overemphasize each individual's unique life history

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences. This is because they focus mainly on observable behaviors and external factors, neglecting the role of internal cognitive processes and individual differences in shaping development. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because behaviorism and social learning theory do not specifically emphasize the plasticity of cognitive development, overestimate people's contributions to their own development, or overemphasize each individual's unique life history. Instead, they are criticized for providing a limited perspective by focusing predominantly on external stimuli and behaviors.

4. Which statement describes a strength of naturalistic observation?

• A. It reflects the participants' everyday lives.
• B. It permits comparisons of participants' responses.
• C. Great depth and breadth of information can be obtained in a short time.
• D. It grants each participant an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Naturalistic observation reflects the participants' everyday lives because it involves observing individuals in their natural environments without any manipulation. This allows researchers to see how people behave in real-world settings and can provide valuable insights into their typical behavior patterns. Choice B is incorrect because naturalistic observation focuses on observing behavior in its natural setting rather than comparing responses between participants. Choice C is incorrect as naturalistic observation tends to provide rich, qualitative data rather than a large amount of information in a short time. Choice D is incorrect because in naturalistic observation, participants are observed as they naturally behave, which may not always lead to an equal opportunity for all participants to display the behavior of interest.

5. Chinara is Rh-negative and Savon, her first child, is Rh-positive. Chinara's doctor will probably __________.

• A. give Savon a vaccine to prevent heart damage and intellectual disabilities
• B. advise Chinara not to have another child due to Rh incompatibility
• C. give Chinara a vaccine to prevent the buildup of antibodies to the foreign Rh protein
• D. do nothing because firstborn children are not affected by Rh incompatibility

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Chinara is Rh-negative and Savon, her first child, is Rh-positive. This presents a risk of Rh incompatibility in future pregnancies. To prevent the buildup of antibodies to the foreign Rh protein and protect future pregnancies, Chinara's doctor will likely give her a vaccine known as RhoGAM to prevent her immune system from reacting to Rh-positive blood cells. This vaccine helps to minimize the risks of complications in subsequent pregnancies. Choice A is incorrect because the vaccine is given to the mother, not the child. Choice B is incorrect as advising against having more children is not a typical response when preventive measures are available. Choice D is incorrect because all subsequent pregnancies are at risk of Rh incompatibility, not just the firstborn child.

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