Nursing Elites

1. Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.

• A. behavior modification
• B. punishment
• C. cognition
• D. reinforcement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of cognition in learning through observation. It highlights the significance of mental processes such as attention, memory, and motivation in shaping behavior. Choice A, behavior modification, focuses more on changing specific behaviors through various techniques. Choice B, punishment, involves the application of negative consequences to reduce the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Choice D, reinforcement, centers on the use of rewards or punishments to increase or decrease the probability of a behavior.

2. Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father __________.

• A. nearly twice as many girls as boys
• B. nearly three times as many boys as girls
• C. more twins and triplets than unaffected men
• D. fewer children than unaffected men

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father nearly twice as many girls as boys. This is due to the impact of dioxin exposure on sperm cells, leading to a skewed ratio of female to male offspring. Choice B is incorrect as the question specifically mentions that men father more girls than boys. Choice C is incorrect as dioxin exposure does not necessarily lead to more twins and triplets. Choice D is incorrect as men with dioxin in their bloodstream father more girls, not fewer children overall.

3. Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using __________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.

• A. fast-mapping
• B. an expansion
• C. overregularization
• D. a recast

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'a recast.' A recast occurs when an adult rephrases a child's incorrect speech into the accurate form, aiding in the learning of proper grammar. Choice A, 'fast-mapping,' refers to the ability to learn new words quickly; choice B, 'an expansion,' typically involves adding more information to a child's speech; choice C, 'overregularization,' is an error children make when they apply grammatical rules too broadly.

4. Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception __________.

• A. can alter gene expression
• B. can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
• C. is linked to blood vessel abnormalities
• D. has no negative effect on the developing organism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception can alter gene expression. This means that paternal alcohol consumption can potentially impact the genes and genetic materials passed on to offspring, affecting their development and health. Choice B is incorrect because fetal alcohol syndrome is typically associated with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, not paternal alcohol use around conception. Choice C is incorrect as there is no direct link between paternal alcohol use and blood vessel abnormalities. Choice D is incorrect as paternal alcohol use can indeed have negative effects on the developing organism, particularly through altering gene expression.

5. What advice can you offer parents who want to reduce their newborn son’s discomfort during circumcision?

• A. Stimulate the Babinski reflex.
• B. Play loud music to distract the baby.
• C. Offer a sugar solution while gently holding the baby.
• D. Newborns have a low sensitivity to pain, so interventions are unnecessary. Answer: C Page Ref: 108 Skill Level: Apply Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 35 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Offering a sugar solution while gently holding the baby can help reduce the newborn's discomfort during circumcision. This method has been found to effectively decrease pain perception and can provide some comfort to the baby during the procedure. Stimulating the Babinski reflex, playing loud music to distract the baby, and assuming newborns have low sensitivity to pain are not recommended strategies for reducing discomfort during circumcision.

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