Nursing Elites

1. How does the diathesis-stress model explain the onset of mental disorders?

• A. Stress alone is sufficient to cause mental disorders.
• B. Both genetic vulnerability and environmental stress are needed to trigger a disorder.
• C. Only genetic factors cause mental disorders.
• D. Environmental stressors alone can cause mental disorders.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model explains that the onset of mental disorders results from the interaction of genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental stress. Choice A is incorrect because stress alone is not sufficient, according to the model. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies by attributing mental disorders solely to genetic factors. Choice D is incorrect because the model emphasizes the joint contribution of genetic predisposition and environmental stress.

2. Which of the following statements is least likely to be made by a humanist?

• A. Humans are unique.
• B. The behavior of humans tends to be influenced by environmental circumstances.
• C. Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potentials.
• D. Research on animals has little relevance to understanding human behavior.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The corrected question assesses the least likely statement made by a humanist. Choice B, 'The behavior of humans tends to be influenced by environmental circumstances,' is least likely to be made by a humanist. Humanists believe that human behavior is not simply dictated by environmental circumstances but is influenced by a combination of factors, including personal experiences, emotions, and conscious decisions. Choices A, C, and D are more aligned with humanist perspectives. Choice A acknowledges the uniqueness of humans, which is a common theme in humanistic psychology. Choice C reflects the humanistic belief that individuals strive to reach their full potential and self-actualization. Choice D contrasts with humanist views as humanists often consider research on animals to be relevant in understanding human behavior due to shared basic psychological processes.

3. Newer psychodynamic perspectives ________.

• A. disregard most elements of Freud's theories.
• B. emphasize the role of the id.
• C. do not view the libido as a primary determinant of behavior.
• D. recognize intrapsychic conflicts as a primary determinant of behavior.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Newer psychodynamic perspectives do not view the libido as a primary determinant of behavior. While Freud's theories focused heavily on the libido as a driving force, newer perspectives have evolved to consider a broader range of factors influencing behavior. Choice A is incorrect as newer perspectives still build upon some elements of Freud's theories. Choice B is incorrect as newer perspectives may not solely emphasize the role of the id. Choice D is incorrect as while intrapsychic conflicts are considered important, they are not always viewed as the sole primary determinant of behavior in newer psychodynamic perspectives.

4. Barney helps his younger brother, who has just learned to cycle on his own, to navigate narrow roads and sharp turns. Vygotsky will refer to this as ________?

• A. Microsystem
• B. Macrosystem
• C. Mesosystem
• D. Exosystem

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, where Barney is assisting his younger brother in navigating narrow roads and sharp turns, Vygotsky would refer to this as an example of the 'mesosystem.' The mesosystem involves the interactions between different systems in a child's environment, such as family and peers. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect: A) Microsystem refers to the immediate environment where the child lives, like home and school; B) Macrosystem encompasses the larger cultural context; D) Exosystem involves external settings that indirectly influence the child.

5. What role does culture play in understanding abnormal behavior?

• A. Culture plays a minimal role in understanding abnormal behavior.
• B. Culture is essential in shaping our perceptions and definitions of abnormal behavior.
• C. Culture has little impact on the expression of abnormal behavior.
• D. Culture only affects the treatment of abnormal behavior, not its understanding.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Culture is essential in shaping our perceptions and definitions of abnormal behavior. Choice A is incorrect because culture actually plays a significant role in understanding abnormal behavior. Choice C is incorrect as culture can have a considerable impact on how abnormal behavior is expressed. Choice D is incorrect because culture influences not only the treatment but also the understanding of abnormal behavior.

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