Nursing Elites

1. Ecological systems theory views the person as __________.

• A. a blossoming flower whose development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically
• B. developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
• C. a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling
• D. a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ecological systems theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. This perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals with their social and physical environment, recognizing that development is influenced by various factors interacting at different levels of the ecological system. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a genetically determined development process, which is not the focus of ecological systems theory. Choice C is incorrect because it highlights observational learning as the primary influence on development, neglecting the broader environmental factors. Choice D is incorrect as it compares the person to a computer system, which does not align with the principles of ecological systems theory.

2. __________ increases tenfold from the twentieth week until birth.

• A. Amniotic fluid
• B. Brain weight
• C. Fetal length
• D. Neuron production

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Brain weight increases tenfold from the twentieth week until birth. This rapid growth and development of the brain during the prenatal period is crucial for setting the foundation for future cognitive and neurological functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because although they also undergo changes during prenatal development, none of them increase tenfold from the twentieth week until birth, unlike brain weight.

3. Despite growing up in a rundown neighborhood, having divorced parents, and rarely seeing her father, Betty is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.

• A. assimilation
• B. resilience
• C. age-graded development
• D. multidimensional development

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Betty's ability to adapt effectively despite facing challenges during her childhood such as growing up in a rundown neighborhood, having divorced parents, and rarely seeing her father demonstrates resilience. Resilience refers to the capacity to achieve positive outcomes despite adverse circumstances. Betty's successful, happy, and healthy adulthood showcases her resilience in navigating and overcoming the threats to her development. Choice A, assimilation, does not fit the context of adapting effectively to adverse circumstances. Assimilation is a cognitive process related to incorporating new information into existing schemas. Choice C, age-graded development, refers to typical developmental changes that occur in a culture at a particular age. Choice D, multidimensional development, encompasses the idea that development is influenced by multiple factors across various dimensions, which is not directly related to Betty's ability to adapt effectively despite facing challenges.

4. What did John Bowlby believe?

• A. Adults and more expert peers help children master culturally meaningful activities.
• B. The infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships.
• C. Parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.
• D. Attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: John Bowlby believed that the infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships. This is supported by his theory of attachment, where he emphasized the importance of early attachment experiences in shaping individuals' future relationships. Choice A is incorrect as it does not reflect Bowlby's main focus on attachment theory. Choice C is incorrect as Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is more than just instinctual. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's work actually paved the way for the study of attachment patterns in humans.

5. According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.

• A. shame
• B. mistrust
• C. inferiority
• D. despair

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the danger in middle childhood is 'inferiority.' During this stage, children may develop a sense of inadequacy and inferiority if they are unable to master the social and academic tasks expected of them. This feeling of inferiority can lead to low self-esteem and pessimism about their abilities. Choice A, 'shame,' is more closely associated with Erikson's stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt in early childhood. Choice B, 'mistrust,' is linked to Erikson's stage of trust vs. mistrust in infancy. Choice D, 'despair,' is related to Erikson's stage of integrity vs. despair in late adulthood.

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