Nursing Elites

1. Dr. Whiren studies how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Dr. Whiren’s research best aligns with the perspective of which theorist?

• A. Jean Piaget
• B. John Bowlby
• C. Lev Vygotsky
• D. Erik Erikson Answer: C Page Ref: 22 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. Whiren's study on how culture is transmitted to the next generation aligns best with the perspective of Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was a developmental psychologist who emphasized the importance of social interactions and cultural influences in shaping cognitive development. He believed that children learn through interactions with others and that culture plays a significant role in this learning process.

2. Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of __________.

• A. research designs
• B. theories
• C. hypotheses
• D. research methods

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of research methods. Research methods refer to the specific approaches used in conducting research, such as collecting data, analyzing information, and drawing conclusions. In this case, tests and questionnaires are tools used to gather information and data for research purposes, making them examples of research methods. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because research designs refer to the overall structure and plan of a study, theories are explanations developed through research and observation, and hypotheses are specific predictions or statements that can be tested through research.

3. According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is four-year-old R’Monte who engages in make-believe play by stirring beads in a bowl and saying, “Soup is ready!”?

• A. sensorimotor
• B. preoperational
• C. concrete operational
• D. sociocultural

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, four-year-old R’Monte's engagement in make-believe play, such as pretending to stir beads in a bowl and creating imaginary soup, indicates that he is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. This stage is characterized by symbolic thinking, pretend play, language development, and egocentrism. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as this stage occurs in infancy and focuses on sensory experiences and object permanence. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as this stage occurs around ages 7-11 and involves logical reasoning about concrete events. Choice D, sociocultural, is incorrect as it does not correspond to Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

4. Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for __________.

• A. ethology
• B. social learning theory
• C. psychoanalytic theory
• D. cognitive-developmental theory

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen are considered the founders of ethology, a branch of biology and psychology that focuses on the study of animal behavior in natural environments. Their work laid the modern foundations for ethology, which examines the behavior of animals in relation to their natural habitats and evolutionary history. Choice B, social learning theory, is incorrect as it pertains to a different area of psychology that focuses on how people learn through observing others. Choice C, psychoanalytic theory, is also incorrect as it is a psychological theory developed by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior. Choice D, cognitive-developmental theory, is incorrect as it refers to the work of Jean Piaget in understanding the development of human cognition in children.

5. In a cross-sectional design, researchers study __________.

• A. the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages
• B. groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time
• C. groups of participants of the same age in different years
• D. participants of the same age at the same point in time

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a cross-sectional design, researchers study groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. This design allows researchers to compare different age groups simultaneously, providing valuable insight into age-related differences without the need to track the same group over time. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a longitudinal design where the same group is followed over time. Choice C is incorrect as it involves different groups of the same age studied at different times. Choice D is incorrect as it does not capture the essence of a cross-sectional design, which involves studying groups of different ages at the same point in time.

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