Nursing Elites

1. Dr. Rizvi studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. This approach to development is known as __________.

• A. behaviorism
• B. cognitive-development theory
• C. the information-processing approach
• D. developmental cognitive neuroscience

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Dr. Rizvi's approach to development, involving studying the relationship between changes in the brain and cognitive processing and behavior patterns, aligns with developmental cognitive neuroscience. This field combines research from various disciplines to understand how brain development influences cognitive processes and behaviors. Choice A, behaviorism, focuses on observable behaviors influenced by external stimuli. Choice B, cognitive-development theory, emphasizes cognitive growth stages. Choice C, the information-processing approach, centers on how individuals perceive, store, and retrieve information.

2. In a correlational design, researchers __________.

• A. gather information on individuals without altering their experiences
• B. divide events and behaviors of interest into two types: dependent and independent variables
• C. use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions
• D. directly control or manipulate changes in the independent variable

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a correlational design, researchers gather information on individuals without altering their experiences. Correlational studies examine the relationship between two or more variables without any manipulation or control by the researchers. The researchers simply observe and measure the variables of interest without intervening in any way. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they describe aspects related to experimental designs rather than correlational designs. In an experimental design, researchers manipulate variables, assign participants to different treatment conditions, and control changes in the independent variable, which is not the case in correlational studies.

3. Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in __________.

• A. toddlerhood
• B. preschool
• C. middle childhood
• D. adolescence

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more differentiated and organized into a hierarchy based on various domains of competence. This period marks a time when children start to compare their abilities in different areas, such as academic performance, social skills, and physical abilities. Toddlerhood and preschool years are characterized by the development of basic self-awareness and self-concept, but self-esteem hierarchy typically emerges later in middle childhood and further solidifies in adolescence as individuals navigate complex social dynamics and personal identities.

4. Tiffany is a small-for-date baby. This means she __________.

• A. was born several weeks or more before her due date
• B. was born below her expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy
• C. will probably have much less serious problems than a preterm infant
• D. may have difficulties in infancy but will outgrow them by the preschool years

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A small-for-date baby, also known as a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) baby, is a baby who is born below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy. This can be due to various factors including issues with growth restriction in the womb. Being small-for-date is different from being preterm (born prematurely) and does not necessarily mean that the baby was born early. Choice A is incorrect because being small-for-date does not specifically indicate being born several weeks or more before the due date. Choice C is incorrect because being small-for-date does not guarantee fewer problems than a preterm infant, as each baby's health outcomes can vary. Choice D is incorrect because while small-for-date babies may have initial difficulties, it does not guarantee that these issues will be outgrown by the preschool years.

5. Babies who spend more time alert are likely to have __________.

• A. parents who feel incompetent
• B. a slight advantage in mental development
• C. a big disadvantage in social development
• D. parents who must exert great effort to soothe them

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Babies who spend more time alert are likely to have a slight advantage in mental development. Being alert allows babies to engage with their surroundings, explore, and learn, which can contribute to their cognitive development. This is different from social development, which is more related to interactions with others, and not necessarily impacted by the amount of alertness a baby displays. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because there is no direct correlation between a baby's alertness and their parents' feelings of incompetence, a big disadvantage in social development, or the effort parents need to soothe them.

Similar Questions