dr george predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers dr georges prediction is an example of a

ATI RN

Human Growth and Development Exam 1

1. Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a __________.

A. theory
B. research question
C. hypothesis
D. research design

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. George's prediction that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers is an example of a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables based on existing knowledge or theories. In this case, Dr. George is making a prediction about the effect of positive reinforcement on prosocial behavior, which can be tested through research. Choice A, 'theory,' is incorrect because a theory is a broader explanation that integrates a range of findings and observations. Choice B, 'research question,' is incorrect as it refers to an inquiry that asks about the relationship between variables but lacks the specificity and testability of a hypothesis. Choice D, 'research design,' is incorrect as it pertains to the overall strategy or plan for conducting a research study, not the specific prediction Dr. George made.

2. A baby born between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy __________.

A. is just as healthy as a full-term baby
B. usually needs oxygen assistance to breathe
C. only has about a 10 percent survival rate
D. is considered small-for-date

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A baby born between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy is considered premature. Premature babies are born before they are fully developed and may need assistance with breathing, including oxygen. They are at a higher risk for complications compared to full-term babies. Choice A is incorrect because premature babies are at a higher risk for health issues compared to full-term babies. Choice C is incorrect as modern medical advancements have significantly increased the survival rate of premature babies. Choice D is incorrect as being small-for-date does not solely depend on the gestational age at birth.

3. By the twelfth week of pregnancy, __________.

A. the sex of the fetus can be detected with ultrasound
B. the mother can feel the movements of the fetus
C. the fetus is viable and can survive if born early
D. synchrony between fetal heart rate and motor activity peaks Answer: A Page Ref: 79 Skill Level: Understand Copyright Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â© 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 6 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e Topic: Prenatal Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: By the twelfth week of pregnancy, the sex of the fetus can be detected with ultrasound. Ultrasound technology allows for visualization of the developing fetus and identification of physical characteristics, such as sex, during prenatal appointments.

4. Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception __________.

A. can alter gene expression
B. can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
C. is linked to blood vessel abnormalities
D. has no negative effect on the developing organism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception can alter gene expression. This means that paternal alcohol consumption can potentially impact the genes and genetic materials passed on to offspring, affecting their development and health. Choice B is incorrect because fetal alcohol syndrome is typically associated with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, not paternal alcohol use around conception. Choice C is incorrect as there is no direct link between paternal alcohol use and blood vessel abnormalities. Choice D is incorrect as paternal alcohol use can indeed have negative effects on the developing organism, particularly through altering gene expression.

5. According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.

A. an internal process that occurs apart from any contact with the environment
B. the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
C. the ability to copy the behavior of others
D. an organized way of making sense of experience

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is an organized way of making sense of experience. This term refers to mental structures or frameworks that help individuals interpret and understand the world around them. Choice A is incorrect because schemes are developed through interaction with the environment. Choice B refers to object permanence, a concept from Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not schemes. Choice C describes observational learning, which is different from the concept of schemes in cognitive development.