Nursing Elites

1. Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on __________.

• A. initiative
• B. autonomy
• C. generativity
• D. industry

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development highlights generativity as the central focus of middle adulthood. Generativity involves being productive, caring for others, and contributing to society. This stage is characterized by a desire to leave a lasting impact on future generations. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Initiative is associated with the preschool years, autonomy with early childhood, and industry with middle childhood according to Erikson's stages of development.

2. According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.

• A. shame
• B. mistrust
• C. inferiority
• D. despair

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the danger in middle childhood is 'inferiority.' During this stage, children may develop a sense of inadequacy and inferiority if they are unable to master the social and academic tasks expected of them. This feeling of inferiority can lead to low self-esteem and pessimism about their abilities. Choice A, 'shame,' is more closely associated with Erikson's stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt in early childhood. Choice B, 'mistrust,' is linked to Erikson's stage of trust vs. mistrust in infancy. Choice D, 'despair,' is related to Erikson's stage of integrity vs. despair in late adulthood.

3. The yolk sac __________.

• A. forms during the third trimester of pregnancy
• B. is the outer ring of cells that surrounds the blastocyst Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 3 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e
• C. produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function
• D. contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste Answer: C Page Ref: 77 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Prenatal Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The yolk sac is an extraembryonic membrane that plays a significant role in the early development of the embryo. One of its functions is to produce blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function. This process occurs during the early stages of prenatal development to support the growing embryo before it can sustain itself independently.

4. Despite growing up in a rundown neighborhood, having divorced parents, and rarely seeing her father, Betty is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.

• A. assimilation
• B. resilience
• C. age-graded development
• D. multidimensional development

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Betty's ability to adapt effectively despite facing challenges during her childhood such as growing up in a rundown neighborhood, having divorced parents, and rarely seeing her father demonstrates resilience. Resilience refers to the capacity to achieve positive outcomes despite adverse circumstances. Betty's successful, happy, and healthy adulthood showcases her resilience in navigating and overcoming the threats to her development. Choice A, assimilation, does not fit the context of adapting effectively to adverse circumstances. Assimilation is a cognitive process related to incorporating new information into existing schemas. Choice C, age-graded development, refers to typical developmental changes that occur in a culture at a particular age. Choice D, multidimensional development, encompasses the idea that development is influenced by multiple factors across various dimensions, which is not directly related to Betty's ability to adapt effectively despite facing challenges.

5. During prenatal development, the ectoderm becomes the __________.

• A. muscles and skeleton
• B. nervous system and skin
• C. circulatory system and other internal organs
• D. digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: nervous system and skin. The nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as the skin, develop from the ectoderm layer of cells during prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect because muscles and skeleton develop from mesoderm. Choice C is incorrect because the circulatory system and other internal organs develop from mesoderm and endoderm. Choice D is incorrect because the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands develop from endoderm.

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