Nursing Elites

1. Which statement describes a strength of naturalistic observation?

• A. It reflects the participants' everyday lives.
• B. It permits comparisons of participants' responses.
• C. Great depth and breadth of information can be obtained in a short time.
• D. It grants each participant an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Naturalistic observation reflects the participants' everyday lives because it involves observing individuals in their natural environments without any manipulation. This allows researchers to see how people behave in real-world settings and can provide valuable insights into their typical behavior patterns. Choice B is incorrect because naturalistic observation focuses on observing behavior in its natural setting rather than comparing responses between participants. Choice C is incorrect as naturalistic observation tends to provide rich, qualitative data rather than a large amount of information in a short time. Choice D is incorrect because in naturalistic observation, participants are observed as they naturally behave, which may not always lead to an equal opportunity for all participants to display the behavior of interest.

2. When __________, newborn Takeo's toes should fan out and curl as his foot twists in.

• A. a bright light shines in his eyes
• B. his bare foot touches a flat surface
• C. his cheek is stroked near the corner of his mouth
• D. the sole of his foot is stroked from toe to heel

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the description of the twisting and fanning out of newborn Takeo's toes suggests the Babinski reflex, which is typically elicited by stroking the sole of the foot from toe to heel. The Babinski reflex is a normal response in newborns and indicates proper neurological development. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not elicit the specific response described in the question.

3. Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a __________.

• A. theory
• B. research question
• C. hypothesis
• D. research design

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. George's prediction that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers is an example of a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables based on existing knowledge or theories. In this case, Dr. George is making a prediction about the effect of positive reinforcement on prosocial behavior, which can be tested through research. Choice A, 'theory,' is incorrect because a theory is a broader explanation that integrates a range of findings and observations. Choice B, 'research question,' is incorrect as it refers to an inquiry that asks about the relationship between variables but lacks the specificity and testability of a hypothesis. Choice D, 'research design,' is incorrect as it pertains to the overall strategy or plan for conducting a research study, not the specific prediction Dr. George made.

4. When trying to soothe a crying baby, what technique do Western parents typically attempt first?

• A. Massaging the baby's body
• B. Offering a pacifier and a receiving blanket
• C. Playing recorded womb sounds or sounds of nature
• D. Lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When Western parents aim to soothe a crying baby, the technique they usually try first is lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking. This method is effective because the motion and closeness provided by rocking or walking can help calm the baby and offer comfort. Choice A is incorrect as massaging the baby's body is not typically the first technique used. Choice B is incorrect as offering a pacifier and a receiving blanket may be tried after lifting the baby to the shoulder. Choice C is also incorrect as playing recorded sounds is usually not the initial technique attempted.

5. __________ aging reflects the reality that aging well involves not only achievement of desirable outcomes but also effective coping with life's challenges and losses.

• A. Optimal
• B. Successful
• C. Peerless
• D. Capital

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Successful.' Successful aging encompasses achieving desirable outcomes and coping effectively with life's challenges and losses. 'Optimal' could imply a focus solely on achieving the best outcomes without considering challenges and losses. 'Peerless' means unmatched or unrivaled, which does not address coping with challenges. 'Capital' is related to wealth or assets and is not suitable in the context of aging and coping with life's difficulties.

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