Nursing Elites

1. Down syndrome is caused by ________

• A. a chemical imbalance.
• B. a gene on the X chromosome.
• C. possessing an extra X chromosome.
• D. possessing an extra chromosome in chromosome 21.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Down syndrome is caused by possessing an extra chromosome in chromosome 21, not a chemical imbalance (choice A), a gene on the X chromosome (choice B), or possessing an extra X chromosome (choice C). The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, also known as trisomy 21, leads to the characteristic features and health problems associated with Down syndrome.

2. School phobia among kids may be a form of?

• A. Occurs every time when one is in a certain situation
• B. Occurs most of the time when one is in a specific situation
• C. Be unexpected
• D. Expected

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Be unexpected.' School phobia in children is often associated with separation anxiety disorder, leading to unexpected and intense fear or anxiety about attending school. Choices A and B are incorrect because school phobia does not necessarily occur every time or most of the time when in a specific situation; it is more about the unexpected fear related to attending school. Choice D is also incorrect because school phobia is characterized by an unexpected and overwhelming fear of school, not an expected or anticipated reaction.

3. Defense mechanisms ________.

• A. make a person feel more anxious and have more problems, as they begin to act defensively.
• B. are strategies the id uses to try to achieve its desires.
• C. are conscious, intentional attempts to cope effectively with an anxiety-producing event.
• D. help a person feel less anxious, but because they usually work by distorting reality, they are not always adaptive.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because defense mechanisms aim to reduce anxiety but can lead to distortion of reality, making them not always beneficial. Choice A is incorrect as defense mechanisms are meant to reduce anxiety, not increase it. Choice B is incorrect because defense mechanisms are not strategies of the id specifically. Choice C is incorrect as defense mechanisms are often unconscious and not always intentional.

4. An inborn trait that is relatively permanent and differentiates one person from another is known as ________.

• A. genotype
• B. phenotype
• C. temperament
• D. characteristic

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Temperament is the correct answer because it refers to an individual's inborn, relatively permanent trait that distinguishes one person from another. Genotype (choice A) refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, not necessarily a behavioral trait. Phenotype (choice B) is the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction between its genotype and the environment. Characteristic (choice D) is a broad term that can encompass various traits and features, but it does not specifically denote an inborn and relatively permanent trait that sets individuals apart.

5. A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effect of aging would most likely specialize in?

• A. Developmental psychology.
• B. Experimental psychology.
• C. Cognitive psychology.
• D. Psychometrics.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A psychologist interested in the psychological effect of aging would most likely specialize in developmental psychology. Developmental psychology focuses on studying the psychological changes that occur throughout a person's lifespan, including the effects of aging. Experimental psychology primarily deals with conducting experiments to study behavior and cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving. Psychometrics involves the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and personality traits, but it does not specifically address the psychological effects of aging as in developmental psychology.

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