Nursing Elites

1. Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of __________.

• A. imitation
• B. adaptation
• C. self-efficacy
• D. scaffolding

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of adaptation, which refers to the process by which individuals adjust to new information and experiences by modifying their existing cognitive structures. Piaget believed that this process of adaptation involved two key components: assimilation, where individuals incorporate new information into their existing schemas, and accommodation, where individuals adjust their schemas to fit new information. This concept highlights the dynamic nature of cognitive development and the importance of interaction between individuals and their environment in shaping intellectual growth. Choice A, 'imitation,' is incorrect as Piaget's theory focuses on how individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions with it, rather than simply imitating others. Choice C, 'self-efficacy,' is not the central concept in Piaget's theory; self-efficacy is a concept from Bandura's social cognitive theory. Choice D, 'scaffolding,' is associated with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, not Piaget's theory.

2. To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills, researchers focus on __________.

• A. sedentary adults
• B. competitive athletes
• C. men in their mid- to late thirties
• D. women in their childbearing years

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: competitive athletes. Competitive athletes are often studied by researchers to investigate the impact of biological aging on motor skills because their performance is closely linked to physical abilities. Sedentary adults (choice A) may not provide a clear understanding of the relationship between biological aging and motor skills as they may not engage in consistent physical activity. Men in their mid- to late thirties (choice C) and women in their childbearing years (choice D) may not represent a group where motor skills are as finely tuned and critical to performance as in competitive athletes.

3. By the end of Greta's first month of pregnancy, her embryo __________.

• A. can sense its world
• B. is about ¼ inch long
• C. can suck its thumb
• D. can curl its toes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: By the end of Greta's first month of pregnancy, her embryo is about ¼ inch long. During the first month of pregnancy, the embryo is in the very early stages of development, and its size is typically around ¼ inch as it continues to grow and develop in the uterus. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because sensory abilities like sensing the world, sucking thumb, and curling toes develop later in the pregnancy as the embryo progresses through different stages of development.

4. What is a major strength of the clinical interview?

• A. Makes comparing individuals' responses very easy
• B. Can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period
• C. Is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group
• D. Allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The major strength of the clinical interview is that it can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period. This allows researchers to gather detailed data about an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors efficiently. Choice A is incorrect because the clinical interview focuses on gathering information from individuals rather than comparing their responses. Choice C is incorrect as clinical interviews are primarily aimed at understanding individuals rather than cultures or social groups. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a strength of naturalistic observations, not clinical interviews.

5. Which research method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

• A. naturalistic observation
• B. structured observation
• C. ethnography
• D. the clinical method

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The clinical method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory. This method involves in-depth, one-on-one interviews or therapy sessions to explore an individual's unconscious thoughts and emotions. It aims to gain insight into the underlying causes of behavior and psychological issues, aligning with the foundational principles of psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud. Choices A, B, and C are not directly associated with psychoanalytic theory. Naturalistic observation, structured observation, and ethnography focus on observing behavior in natural settings, systematic observation in controlled environments, and studying cultures and societies, respectively, which are not specific to the psychoanalytic approach.

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