Nursing Elites

1. Who believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction?

• A. Jean Piaget
• B. Renée Baillargeon
• C. Noam Chomsky
• D. Lev Vygotsky

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural tools in the development of higher cognitive functions. Jean Piaget focused more on individual cognitive development stages, Renée Baillargeon is known for her work in infant cognition and object permanence, and Noam Chomsky is renowned for his theories in linguistics and the study of language.

2. Dr. Wu observes children’s responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n) __________.

• A. ethnographic study
• B. naturalistic observation
• C. structured observation
• D. clinical interview Answer: B Page Ref: 28 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Dr. Wu's observation of children's responses to bullying by watching them play in a park is an example of naturalistic observation. Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in a natural setting without any manipulation or intervention. Dr. Wu is simply observing the children's behavior in a real-world setting to gain insights into how they respond to bullying, making it a naturalistic observation.

3. When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.

• A. sadness
• B. stranger anxiety
• C. separation anxiety
• D. disgust

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tyson is experiencing stranger anxiety in this situation. Stranger anxiety is a common response in infants when they are exposed to unfamiliar people, causing distress and prompting the infant to seek comfort and familiarity, usually from their primary caregiver. This aligns with Tyson crying and reaching out for Reggie, as he is showing signs of discomfort and wariness towards the assistant, who is a stranger to him. Choice A, sadness, does not fit the scenario as Tyson's reaction is more related to fear and discomfort rather than sorrow. Choice C, separation anxiety, is not the correct answer in this context as separation anxiety pertains to distress when separated from a primary caregiver, not when encountering unfamiliar individuals. Choice D, disgust, is also not applicable as Tyson's behavior is not based on revulsion but rather on being in an unfamiliar and distressing situation.

4. What is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers?

• A. Vitamin supplementation
• B. Number of hours of sleep
• C. Dieting in adolescence
• D. Frequency of family meals

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The frequency of family meals is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers. Research indicates that regular family meals provide structure, promote positive eating behaviors, and offer opportunities for modeling healthy food choices. Vitamin supplementation (Choice A) may be beneficial but is not as strongly linked to healthy eating habits as family meal frequency. The number of hours of sleep (Choice B) is important for overall health but is not as directly associated with healthy eating behaviors in teenagers. Dieting in adolescence (Choice C) can sometimes lead to unhealthy eating patterns and is not necessarily linked to consistently healthy food choices.

5. Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.

• A. understand the interaction between biological factors and social influences in cognitive development
• B. overemphasize the role of heredity in cognitive change
• C. emphasize children's independent efforts to make sense of their world
• D. place too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience did not lead him to neglect the biological side of development. Instead, he believed that biological factors and social influences interact to shape cognitive development. Choice A is correct because it reflects Vygotsky's view that biological factors and social experiences work together in cognitive development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as Vygotsky's emphasis was not on overemphasizing heredity, focusing solely on independent efforts of children, or placing too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development.

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