Nursing Elites

1. An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is a _______ section.

• A. frontal
• B. transverse
• C. coronal
• D. sagittal

Correct answer: sagittal

Rationale: The correct answer is 'sagittal.' A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions. Choice A, 'frontal,' is incorrect as it divides the body into front and back portions. Choice B, 'transverse,' divides the body into upper and lower portions. Choice C, 'coronal,' divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Therefore, 'sagittal' is the most appropriate term for a section separating the body into right and left portions.

2. The recent discovery of taste receptors that detect sweetness in the small intestine illustrates that

• A. chemical responses occur in various parts of the body.
• B. new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.
• C. everything about anatomy and physiology has been discovered.
• D. the molecular and cellular level is crucial in anatomy and physiology.

Correct answer: new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.

Rationale: The recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine illustrates that new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made. This finding demonstrates that our understanding of the human body is continuously evolving. Choice A is incorrect because the discovery does not imply that chemical responses occur in only one part of the body but rather showcases a specific new discovery. Choice C is incorrect as it is highly improbable that everything about anatomy and physiology has been discovered given the complexity of the human body. Choice D is incorrect as while the molecular and cellular level is important in anatomy and physiology, the primary focus of this discovery is on the new findings about the taste receptors in the small intestine.

3. The transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle greatly changed the types of diseases and injuries that early peoples suffered.

• A. True
• B. False
• C. Not Sure
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is True. The transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle did indeed greatly change the types of diseases and injuries that early peoples suffered. With the shift to agriculture came increased sedentism, population density, and interaction with domesticated animals, leading to the emergence of new diseases and health challenges. Choice B is incorrect because the statement is true based on historical and archaeological evidence. Choice C is incorrect as there is historical data supporting the impact of this transition. Choice D is incorrect as it is not applicable since all options do not hold true in this context.

4. Which of the following is a role of platelets in hemostasis?

• A. formation of plugs
• B. promotion of vasodilation
• C. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
• D. activation of calcium

Correct answer: formation of plugs

Rationale: Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming plugs to stop bleeding. Choice B is incorrect because platelets do not promote vasodilation; instead, they help in vasoconstriction. Choice C is incorrect as the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is a function of the coagulation cascade involving various clotting factors, not platelets. Choice D is incorrect as platelets do not directly activate calcium; instead, they play a role in the activation of other clotting factors.

5. Which of the following structures of the gastrointestinal system absorbs iron and bile salts?

• A. Ileum
• B. Jejunum
• C. Colon
• D. Duodenum

Correct answer: Ileum

Rationale: The correct answer is the Ileum. The Ileum is the final section of the small intestine where the absorption of key nutrients such as iron and bile salts occurs. The Jejunum mainly absorbs nutrients like carbohydrates and proteins, while the Duodenum primarily facilitates the absorption of minerals and vitamins. The Colon's main function is to absorb water and electrolytes, not iron and bile salts. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect.

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