which part of the nephron is closest to the collecting duct

ATI RN

ATI Anatomy and Physiology

1. Which part of the nephron is closest to the collecting duct?

A. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
B. Bowman's Capsule
C. Afferent Arteriole
D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The DCT is the part of the nephron closest to the collecting duct, where the final adjustments to electrolyte and fluid balance are made. Bowman's Capsule is located at the beginning of the nephron, where filtration of blood occurs. The Afferent Arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus for filtration. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is situated after the Bowman's Capsule and is not the part closest to the collecting duct.

2. The transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle greatly changed the types of diseases and injuries that early peoples suffered.

A. True
B. False
C. Not Sure
D. All of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is True. The transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle did indeed greatly change the types of diseases and injuries that early peoples suffered. With the shift to agriculture came increased sedentism, population density, and interaction with domesticated animals, leading to the emergence of new diseases and health challenges. Choice B is incorrect because the statement is true based on historical and archaeological evidence. Choice C is incorrect as there is historical data supporting the impact of this transition. Choice D is incorrect as it is not applicable since all options do not hold true in this context.

3. What is the function of the gallbladder?

A. Filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drugs
B. Make enzymes
C. Store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that helps with fat digestion
D. Helps to further digest food

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that helps with fat digestion. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver and releases it to aid in the digestion of fats. Choice A is incorrect as the liver, not the gallbladder, filters blood and detoxifies harmful substances. Choice B is incorrect because the production of enzymes primarily occurs in the pancreas, not the gallbladder. Choice D is incorrect as the gallbladder's main role is not to further digest food but to store and release bile.

4. What is homeostasis?

A. The inability to keep body weight within normal limits.
B. Room temperature decreasing because a window is open.
C. Ingestion of more food than needed.
D. The tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Choice A describes obesity, choice B describes a specific scenario with room temperature, and choice C refers to overeating, which is not related to homeostasis.

5. Which of the following ions is most abundant in extracellular fluid?

A. Calcium
B. Chloride
C. Sodium
D. Potassium

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sodium is the most abundant ion in extracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Calcium (Choice A) is mainly found in bones and teeth, Chloride (Choice B) is the major anion in extracellular fluid but not the most abundant ion, and Potassium (Choice D) is found predominantly inside cells.