Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for the upper midportion of the abdomen?

• A. hypochondriac
• B. iliac
• C. hypogastric
• D. epigastric

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is "epigastric." The epigastric region is located in the upper midportion of the abdomen, between the hypochondriac regions on either side. Choice A, "hypochondriac," refers to the upper lateral regions of the abdomen beneath the ribs. Choice B, "iliac," pertains to the lower lateral regions of the abdomen. Choice C, "hypogastric," is the lower central region of the abdomen.

2. The recent discovery of taste receptors that detect sweetness in the small intestine illustrates that

• A. chemical responses occur in various parts of the body.
• B. new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.
• C. everything about anatomy and physiology has been discovered.
• D. the molecular and cellular level is crucial in anatomy and physiology.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine illustrates that new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made. This finding demonstrates that our understanding of the human body is continuously evolving. Choice A is incorrect because the discovery does not imply that chemical responses occur in only one part of the body but rather showcases a specific new discovery. Choice C is incorrect as it is highly improbable that everything about anatomy and physiology has been discovered given the complexity of the human body. Choice D is incorrect as while the molecular and cellular level is important in anatomy and physiology, the primary focus of this discovery is on the new findings about the taste receptors in the small intestine.

3. What do positive feedback mechanisms do?

• A. Cause long-term changes.
• B. Move conditions away from the normal state.
• C. Bring conditions back to the normal state.
• D. Usually produce stable conditions.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Positive feedback mechanisms amplify or increase changes in a system, moving conditions away from the normal state. This makes choice B the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect as positive feedback does not cause long-term changes but rather accelerates deviations from the norm. Choice C is incorrect because positive feedback does not bring conditions back to normal; instead, it amplifies deviations. Choice D is incorrect as positive feedback does not usually lead to stable conditions but rather to further deviations from the normal state.

4. Which of the following is not true of organelles?

• A. They carry out specific activities.
• B. They are only present in human cells.
• C. They are composed of aggregates of large molecules.
• D. They are found in many types of cells.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Organelles are not exclusive to human cells but are present in various types of cells across different organisms. Option B is incorrect as it suggests that organelles are only found in human cells, which is false. Choices A, C, and D are correct statements about organelles. Organelles indeed carry out specific activities, are made up of aggregates of large molecules, and can be found in many types of cells.

5. Which of the following cardiac valves prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle of the heart?

• A. pulmonic
• B. mitral
• C. tricuspid
• D. aortic

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the aortic valve. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, preventing the backflow of blood into the left ventricle once it has been pumped out during systole. Choice A, pulmonic, is incorrect as it is associated with the right side of the heart. Choice B, mitral, is incorrect as it is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle. Choice C, tricuspid, is incorrect as it is located between the right atrium and ventricle.

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