Nursing Elites

1. According to Erikson, __________ occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

• A. mistrust
• B. despair
• C. stagnation
• D. isolation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, despair is the stage that aging adults face when they reflect on their life and feel they have not achieved their goals, with little time left to correct their mistakes. Mistrust (choice A) is associated with infancy, stagnation (choice C) with middle adulthood, and isolation (choice D) with young adulthood, and are not relevant to the described scenario of aging adults reflecting on their life decisions.

2. Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents view __________ as the surest way to improve life chances.

• A. learning English
• B. education
• C. close ties to an ethnic community
• D. moving into an urban area

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents prioritize education as the surest way to improve life chances for their children. While learning English is important for integration, education is considered the key for better opportunities and success in the long term. Close ties to an ethnic community can provide support but may not directly lead to improved life chances. Moving into an urban area is not highlighted in the context of immigrant parents' views on improving life chances through their children's development.

3. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, __________?

• A. children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
• B. children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults
• C. adult teaching is the best way to foster development
• D. rapid development occurs during sensitive periods

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Piaget emphasized that children learn through their own actions and interactions with the environment, leading to cognitive development. Choice B is incorrect because Piaget's theory focuses on children's active engagement in learning rather than passive reinforcement. Choice C is incorrect because Piaget's theory highlights the child's role in constructing knowledge, not solely relying on adult teaching. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to sensitive periods, a concept more associated with other developmental theories like Erikson's psychosocial theory, not Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.

4. New evidence suggests that __________.

• A. there is very little cultural diversity in human development
• B. environmental, but not personal, contexts shape development
• C. development occurs in a neat, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts
• D. people not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop Answer: D Page Ref: 6 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Basic Issues Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the statement aligns with the concept of reciprocal influences in human development. The new evidence suggests that individuals are not only influenced by the contexts in which they develop but also contribute to shaping those contexts. This idea highlights the dynamic and interactive nature of human development, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between individuals and their environments.

5. Why do young infants usually cry?

• A. because they are bored
• B. in shrill, piercing tones
• C. because of physical needs
• D. all night long

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Young infants usually cry because of physical needs such as hunger, discomfort, or needing to be changed. It is their way of communicating these needs to their caregivers as they are unable to do so in any other way. Choice A is incorrect because infants cry primarily to communicate physical needs, not because they are bored. Choice B is incorrect because the tone of the cry is not the reason why infants cry. Choice D is incorrect because infants cry for various physical needs, not necessarily all night long.

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