Nursing Elites

1. In all societies studied, the most common attachment quality is the __________ pattern.

• A. insecure-avoidant
• B. insecure-resistant
• C. disorganized/disoriented
• D. secure

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'secure.' Research shows that the secure attachment pattern is the most common across various societies. In this pattern, children feel safe, secure, and loved, allowing them to explore the world and seek comfort from their caregivers when needed. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while these attachment patterns exist, they are not as prevalent or universal as the secure attachment pattern. Insecure-avoidant attachment involves children avoiding or ignoring their caregiver, insecure-resistant attachment consists of ambivalence and mixed emotions towards the caregiver, and disorganized/disoriented attachment is characterized by inconsistent and often chaotic behaviors towards the caregiver.

2. In the last weeks of pregnancy, __________.

• A. the fetus usually loses weight
• B. most fetuses assume an upside-down position
• C. fetal growth increases dramatically
• D. the fetus relies on its own well-developed immune system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In the last weeks of pregnancy, most fetuses assume an upside-down position known as the head-down position or vertex presentation. This position is ideal for a smoother labor and delivery process as it helps the baby move through the birth canal. Fetal growth has already slowed down at this stage, so option C is incorrect. Option A is inaccurate as the fetus typically gains weight in the final weeks. Option D is incorrect because the fetus relies on the mother's immune system while in the womb.

3. Which statement provides an example of an age-graded influence?

• A. Paul learned to play the violin at a young age.
• B. Jack enjoys hiking in the mountains.
• C. Sarah prefers reading mystery novels.
• D. Alex excels in mathematics.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The corrected statement 'Paul learned to play the violin at a young age' provides an example of an age-graded influence. This is because learning to play the violin is a behavior that is typical or expected at a certain age, reflecting how age influences individuals' experiences and development. In contrast, choices B, C, and D do not directly relate to age-graded influences. Jack's enjoyment of hiking, Sarah's preference for reading mystery novels, and Alex's proficiency in mathematics are not inherently tied to age-related developmental influences.

4. What advice can you offer parents who want to reduce their newborn son’s discomfort during circumcision?

• A. Stimulate the Babinski reflex.
• B. Play loud music to distract the baby.
• C. Offer a sugar solution while gently holding the baby.
• D. Newborns have a low sensitivity to pain, so interventions are unnecessary. Answer: C Page Ref: 108 Skill Level: Apply Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 35 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Offering a sugar solution while gently holding the baby can help reduce the newborn's discomfort during circumcision. This method has been found to effectively decrease pain perception and can provide some comfort to the baby during the procedure. Stimulating the Babinski reflex, playing loud music to distract the baby, and assuming newborns have low sensitivity to pain are not recommended strategies for reducing discomfort during circumcision.

5. In an experiment, the independent variable __________.

• A. is the one the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable
• B. is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable
• C. cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher
• D. is the number that describes how two measures are associated with each other

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In an experiment, the independent variable is the one that the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable. It is the factor that is deliberately manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effects on the dependent variable. The purpose of manipulating the independent variable is to study its impact on the outcome, allowing researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships in their investigations. Choice A is incorrect because the independent variable is not influenced but rather influences another variable. Choice C is incorrect as the independent variable is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to a different concept unrelated to the independent variable in an experiment.

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