Nursing Elites

1. A nurse is providing MyPlate education to a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which plate chosen by the client indicates the teaching was effective, according to the MyPlate guidelines?

• A. 1/2 of the plate is filled with carbohydrate foods, 1/4 filled with protein foods, and 1/4 filled with fruits and vegetables
• B. 1/2 of the plate is filled with protein foods, 1/4 filled with carbohydrates, and 1/4 filled with non-starchy vegetables
• C. 1/2 of the plate is filled with carbohydrates, 1/4 filled with protein foods, and 1/4 filled with non-starchy vegetables
• D. 1/2 of the plate is filled with non-starchy vegetables, 1/4 filled with protein foods, and 1/4 filled with carbohydrate foods

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. This option reflects the MyPlate guidelines for managing diabetes effectively. In diabetes management, it is essential to focus on non-starchy vegetables, appropriate protein portions, and controlled carbohydrate intake. Option A places too much emphasis on carbohydrates, which may not be suitable for diabetes. Option B swaps the proportions of protein and carbohydrates, which is not in line with the recommended distribution. Option C places too much emphasis on carbohydrates and lacks the emphasis on non-starchy vegetables, making it less suitable for diabetes management.

2. Sam is trying to lose weight by skipping lunch. By the middle of the afternoon, Sam is very uncomfortable and feels that they "have" to eat. Sam is experiencing:

• A. appetite
• B. satiety
• C. satiation
• D. hunger

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Hunger is the physiological need to eat, which Sam is experiencing due to skipping a meal and the body signaling the need for nutrients.

3. While the client has a pulse oximeter on his fingertip, you notice that sunlight is shining on the area where the oximeter is. Your action will be to:

• A. Set and turn on the alarm of the oximeter
• B. Do nothing since there is no identified problem
• C. Cover the fingertip sensor with a towel or bedsheet
• D. Change the location of the sensor every four hours

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct action is to do nothing since there is no identified problem with the sunlight shining on the area where the oximeter is placed. The functionality of the oximeter is not affected by sunlight, so covering it or changing its location unnecessarily could disrupt the monitoring process. Setting the alarm or changing the sensor location every four hours is not indicated in this situation and may lead to unnecessary interventions. It's essential to assess the situation carefully and intervene only when necessary, ensuring that care provided is appropriate and effective.

4. What does oliguria lead to in patients with acute kidney injury?

• A. Hypophosphatemia and overgrowth of bone tissue
• B. An increase in blood potassium levels due to excessive excretion of parathyroid hormone
• C. Sodium retention and elevated levels of potassium
• D. Edema due to increased urine production

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In patients with acute kidney injury, oliguria (reduced urine output) often results in sodium retention and hyperkalemia (elevated levels of potassium). This is due to the kidneys' decreased capacity to excrete these substances. Choice A is incorrect because hypophosphatemia and overgrowth of bone tissue are not direct consequences of oliguria in acute kidney injury. Choice B is incorrect because an increase in blood potassium levels is not caused by excessive excretion of parathyroid hormone but rather by decreased excretion of potassium. Choice D is incorrect because edema is not caused by increased urine production but rather by fluid overload due to decreased urine output.

5. In taking the client’s blood pressure, the nurse should position the client’s arm:

• A. At the level of the heart
• B. Slightly above the level of the heart
• C. At the 5th intercostals space midclavicular line
• D. Below the level of the heart

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Proper patient positioning is essential for maximizing lung expansion and promoting the drainage of secretions. Postural drainage techniques rely on gravity to help clear different lung segments, which is critical in preventing complications such as atelectasis or pneumonia in immobilized patients.

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