Nursing Elites

1. According to Piaget, which principle supports a nine-year-old child's understanding that an arm will look the same when the IV is removed?

• A. The principle of conservation
• B. The principle of transductive reasoning
• C. The principle of identity
• D. The principle of reflex abilities

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, the principle of conservation. Piaget's principle of conservation relates to a child's ability to understand that certain properties of objects remain unchanged despite modifications in their appearance. In this case, the child's understanding that an arm will look the same after the IV is removed demonstrates conservation of appearance. Choice B, transductive reasoning, involves making faulty generalizations based on specific instances and does not apply in this context. Choice C, the principle of identity, pertains to recognizing objects as the same even if they undergo transformations, which is not directly relevant to the scenario. Choice D, reflex abilities, refers to automatic responses to stimuli and is unrelated to the child's understanding of the arm's appearance post-IV removal.

2. What is an approximate method of estimating output for a child who is not toilet trained?

• A. Have parents estimate output.
• B. Weigh diapers after each void.
• C. Place a urine collection device on the child.
• D. Have the child sit on a potty chair 30 minutes after eating.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Weighing diapers is the most accurate way to estimate urine output in a child who is not toilet trained. This method provides a measurable and reliable estimate of fluid output.

3. In what condition should the nurse be alert for altered fluid requirements in children? (Select all that apply.)

• A. Oliguric renal failure
• B. Increased intracranial pressure
• C. Mechanical ventilation
• D. All above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Conditions like oliguric renal failure, increased intracranial pressure, and mechanical ventilation significantly alter fluid requirements in children. These conditions either restrict fluid output or require careful fluid management to avoid worsening the condition.

4. What statement is most descriptive of Meckel diverticulum?

• A. It is present from birth.
• B. Intestinal bleeding may be mild or profuse.
• C. It occurs with equal frequency in both genders.
• D. Surgical interventions are always necessary to treat the problem.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Meckel diverticulum often presents with intestinal bleeding, which can vary in severity. It is a congenital condition, meaning it is present from birth, not acquired during childhood (choice A). Meckel diverticulum is slightly more common in males than in females, so it does not occur more frequently in females (choice C). While some cases of Meckel diverticulum may require surgical intervention, medical interventions can also be sufficient to treat the problem, so it is not always necessary to resort to surgery (choice D).

5. During examination of a toddler's extremities, the nurse notes that the child is bowlegged. The nurse should recognize that this finding is which?

• A. Abnormal and requires further investigation
• B. Abnormal unless it occurs in conjunction with knock-knee
• C. Normal if the condition is unilateral or asymmetric
• D. Normal because the lower back and leg muscles are not yet well developed

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Bowleggedness is normal in toddlers due to the development of lower back and leg muscles. It usually resolves as the child grows.

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