Nursing Elites

1. A child is refusing to use the potty and having accidents, even though he has achieved toilet training. This is an example of which type of behavior?

• A. Positive reinforcement
• B. Desensitization
• C. Phobia
• D. Regression

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, regression. Regression occurs when a child reverts to an earlier behavior, such as having accidents after being successfully toilet trained. This regression often happens due to stress or changes in routine. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because positive reinforcement involves encouraging desired behavior, desensitization is a process of reducing sensitivity to a stimulus, and phobia is an intense fear or aversion to a specific object or situation, none of which directly apply to the described situation of the child having accidents after being toilet trained.

2. What is the best age to introduce solid food into an infant’s diet?

• A. 2 to 3 months
• B. 4 to 6 months
• C. When birth weight has tripled
• D. When tooth eruption has started

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The introduction of solid foods is recommended at 4 to 6 months when the infant's digestive system is more developed and ready for solids.

3. The nurse is preparing to assess a 10-month-old infant. He is sitting on his father's lap and appears to be afraid of the nurse and of what might happen next. Which initial actions by the nurse should be most appropriate?

• A. Initiate a game of peek-a-boo.
• B. Ask the infant's father to place the infant on the examination table
• C. Talk softly to the infant while taking him from his father
• D. Undress the infant while he is still sitting on his father’s lap

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Engaging the infant in a familiar game like peek-a-boo can help reduce fear and build rapport before starting the assessment.

4. Which nursing action is developmentally appropriate when caring for a hospitalized school-age child?

• A. Providing brochures regarding sexuality
• B. Giving clear instructions about details of treatment
• C. Offering medical equipment to play with prior to a procedure
• D. Using toys for distraction during a painful procedure

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Offering medical equipment to play with prior to a procedure is developmentally appropriate when caring for a hospitalized school-age child. Allowing the child to familiarize themselves with the equipment helps reduce fear and anxiety about the upcoming procedure. Choices A, B, and D are not as appropriate for a school-age child. Providing brochures regarding sexuality is not developmentally appropriate for this age group. Giving clear instructions about treatment details may overwhelm a child of this age. Using toys for distraction during a painful procedure is more suitable for younger children.

5. Which physiological acid-base balance complication would be most important for the nurse to assess in a patient with diarrhea?

• A. High serum pH
• B. Normal serum pH
• C. Metabolic alkalosis
• D. Metabolic acidosis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is metabolic acidosis. Diarrhea can lead to the loss of bicarbonate, causing an imbalance in the acid-base status of the body, specifically resulting in metabolic acidosis. High serum pH (choice A) is incorrect as diarrhea-induced bicarbonate loss would lower pH, not increase it. Normal serum pH (choice B) is not the best answer as diarrhea can disrupt the acid-base balance. Metabolic alkalosis (choice C) is an alkaline state, which is less likely to be caused by diarrhea.

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