Nursing Elites

1. Which country does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and well-being?

• A. Sweden
• B. Spain
• C. Australia
• D. The United States

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The United States is the correct answer as it ranks poorly in measures of children's health and well-being compared to other developed nations. According to the extract provided, the United States does not perform well in this aspect. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as there is no information provided suggesting that Sweden, Spain, or Australia do not rank well on key measures of children's health and well-being.

2. Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause __________.

• A. spina bifida
• B. anencephaly
• C. cerebral palsy
• D. muscular dystrophy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, often due to a lack of oxygen during labor and delivery. Spina bifida (Choice A) is a neural tube defect that occurs during embryonic development and is not directly caused by anoxia during labor. Anencephaly (Choice B) is a severe neural tube defect where the baby is born without parts of the brain and skull, not typically caused by anoxia during labor. Muscular dystrophy (Choice D) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and is not directly related to anoxia during labor and delivery.

3. An inadequate diet during pregnancy can __________.

• A. lead to higher birth weight and greater brain weight
• B. reduce the risk of pregnancy-induced maternal diabetes
• C. distort the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas
• D. lead to fewer physical discomforts in the final weeks Answer: C Page Ref: 88 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: An inadequate diet during pregnancy can lead to the distortion of the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in the developing fetus. Proper nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the healthy development of these organs and essential for the overall well-being of the baby. A balanced diet supports optimal growth and development, while inadequate nutrition can have detrimental effects on the baby's organs and long-term health.

4. Which factor fosters a more positive, coherent early self-concept?

• A. Permissive parenting
• B. A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
• C. Authoritarian parenting
• D. Strong identification with an other-sex parent

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship is crucial in fostering a positive and coherent early self-concept in children. This type of relationship provides support, security, and emotional guidance, helping children develop a strong sense of self-worth and self-identity. Permissive parenting (Choice A) may lead to confusion and inconsistency in discipline, impacting the child's self-concept negatively. Authoritarian parenting (Choice C), characterized by strict rules and a lack of warmth, can result in a child feeling insecure and having a negative self-concept. Strong identification with an other-sex parent (Choice D) may influence gender identity development but may not directly impact the early self-concept in the same way a warm and sensitive parent-child relationship does.

5. Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is __________.

• A. aspirin
• B. diethylstilbestrol (DES)
• C. thalidomide
• D. isotretinoin

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, isotretinoin. Isotretinoin is a medication commonly used to treat severe acne, but it is a potent teratogen, meaning it can cause severe birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Aspirin (choice A) is not a widely used potent teratogen. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (choice B) was a known teratogen, but it is not currently widely used. Thalidomide (choice C) was another historical teratogen, but it is also not currently widely used. Therefore, isotretinoin is the most relevant answer as it is a commonly used medication that poses a high risk of birth defects if used during pregnancy.

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