Nursing Elites

1. Which statement is supported by research on newborn taste preferences?

• A. Newborns cannot distinguish basic tastes.
• B. Not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water.
• C. Newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk.
• D. Unlike adults, babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Research on newborn taste preferences has found that not until around 4 months of age do babies start to show a preference for a salty taste over plain water. This indicates that newborns do have some ability to distinguish tastes, contrary to the statement in option A. The statement in option C that newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk is not supported by research on newborn taste preferences. Option D, stating that babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes, is also not a supported statement regarding newborn taste preferences.

2. A childbirth leave of __________ predicts favorable maternal physical and mental health, supportive marital interaction, and sensitive caregiving.

• A. 6 weeks
• B. 8 weeks
• C. 10 weeks
• D. 12 weeks or more

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Research indicates that a childbirth leave of 12 weeks or more leads to favorable outcomes for maternal physical and mental health, supportive marital interaction, and sensitive caregiving. This extended period of leave allows mothers to recover physically, adjust psychologically, and establish strong bonds with their newborn, which ultimately benefits the whole family. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not provide the optimal duration needed for mothers to experience the full range of benefits associated with an extended childbirth leave.

3. Baby Azeez's limb movements are gentle. He stirs occasionally, and facial grimacing occurs. Although his eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Azeez is most likely in which state?

• A. regular sleep
• B. drowsiness
• C. irregular sleep
• D. quiet alertness

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The description of Baby Azeez's behavior matches the characteristics of irregular sleep in a newborn. During irregular sleep, limb movements are gentle, occasional facial grimacing occurs, and rapid eye movements can be seen beneath closed eyelids. This state is also known as active sleep and is associated with dreaming in newborns. Choice A, regular sleep, is incorrect as the described behaviors are not typical of this state. Choice B, drowsiness, does not match the active movements and facial grimacing observed in Azeez. Choice D, quiet alertness, is also incorrect as it does not align with the described behaviors of limb movements, facial grimacing, and rapid eye movements.

4. According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the __________. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 20 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

• A. microsystem
• B. mesosystem
• C. exosystem
• D. macrosystem Answer: A Page Ref: 23 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the microsystem. The microsystem refers to the immediate social context in which an individual lives, such as interactions with family members, friends, and teachers. Marina and Tyler's interactions within their family unit would be considered part of the microsystem.

5. Shamona, a pregnant mother in Flint, Michigan, is concerned about the drinking water, which shows high levels of lead. Shamona should know that high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to __________.

• A. facial abnormalities and heart defects
• B. defects of the genitals and urinary tract
• C. low birth weight and brain damage
• D. a variety of childhood cancers

Correct answer: C

Rationale: High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to low birth weight and brain damage. Lead exposure during pregnancy can have harmful effects on the developing fetus, leading to complications such as decreased birth weight and potential long-term brain damage. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly correlate with the known effects of prenatal lead exposure. While lead exposure can indeed cause a variety of health issues, such as heart defects and urinary tract problems, the primary concerns related to prenatal exposure are low birth weight and brain damage.

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