which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus hiv is true

ATI RN

Human Growth and Development Exam 1

1. Which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?

A. About 30 percent of all new HIV infections affect women.
B. In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.
C. About 30 percent of new HIV infections occur in developing countries.
D. Untreated HIV-infected mothers pass the virus to the fetus 30 percent of the time.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.' This statement is true as South Africa has a high prevalence of HIV among pregnant women, emphasizing the need for interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate as women account for more than 50% of new HIV infections globally. Choice C is misleading as the majority of new HIV infections actually occur in sub-Saharan Africa, not just developing countries. Choice D is also incorrect as without treatment, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is higher than 30%.

2. In mammals, including humans, the sense of smell __________.

A. does not become adultlike for several years
B. helps mothers and babies identify each other
C. is the least developed sense at birth
D. takes about four months to become adultlike

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The sense of smell in mammals, including humans, plays a crucial role in helping mothers and babies identify each other. This is important for initiating bonding and caregiving behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional at birth and not entirely underdeveloped for several years. Choice C is incorrect as the sense of smell is actually well-developed at birth. Choice D is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional from birth and does not take several months to become adultlike.

3. In ecological systems theory, how does Toby's move just before entering fourth grade represent a significant change in his life?

A. Microsystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Exosystem
D. Chronosystem

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In ecological systems theory, the chronosystem refers to the dimension of time and how events and transitions over time can influence an individual's development. Toby's move just before entering fourth grade represents a significant change in his life that falls under the chronosystem. The microsystem involves the immediate environments and relationships that directly influence an individual, the mesosystem relates to connections between these environments, and the exosystem includes external settings that indirectly influence the individual, such as parents' workplaces. Therefore, Toby's move best exemplifies a change in the chronosystem due to the temporal influence on his development.

4. What is one strength of the cross-sectional design?

A. It provides evidence about individual trends.
B. It cannot be threatened by cohort effects.
C. It is not plagued with dropout or practice effects.
D. It permits longitudinal comparisons. Answer: C Page Ref: 34 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One strength of the cross-sectional design is that it is not plagued with dropout or practice effects. This is because cross-sectional studies assess different individuals at the same point in time, eliminating the risk of participants dropping out or improving due to repeated measures.

5. What are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby?

A. Reflexes
B. States of arousal
C. Shrill cries
D. Sleep patterns

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reflexes. Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli and are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby. Examples of newborn reflexes include sucking, rooting, grasping, and the Moro reflex. These reflexes are crucial for the newborn's survival and overall development. Choice B, states of arousal, refers to different levels of consciousness and responsiveness, not organized behavior patterns. Choice C, shrill cries, is a form of communication and not an organized behavior pattern. Choice D, sleep patterns, while important for newborns, are not the most obvious organized behavior patterns.