Nursing Elites

1. Which statement about the harm done by teratogens is true?

• A. Passive smoking can be harmful to the developing fetus.
• B. The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.
• C. The negative impact of teratogens is usually reversible.
• D. The most serious defects occur in the germinal period.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The statement that the genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role in the harm done by teratogens is true. Genetic factors can influence susceptibility to teratogens, and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors plays a significant role in determining the impact on the developing fetus. This highlights the importance of considering both genetic and environmental influences when assessing risks to prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect as passive smoking can indeed be harmful to the developing fetus. Choice C is incorrect as the negative impact of teratogens is often not reversible. Choice D is incorrect as serious defects can occur throughout prenatal development, not just in the germinal period.

2. In females, the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is labeled as __________.

• A. an autosome
• B. dizygotic
• C. XX
• D. XY

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In females, the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is indeed labeled as XX. This pair of chromosomes determines the biological sex of females. Choice A, 'an autosome,' is incorrect as autosomes refer to the non-sex chromosomes. Choice B, 'dizygotic,' is incorrect as it relates to twins. Choice D, 'XY,' is incorrect as it represents the chromosome pair found in males.

3. If learning has occurred in classical conditioning, and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response, the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.

• A. neutral response
• B. conditioned stimulus
• C. conditioned response
• D. reinforcer

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response, it becomes a conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the correct term for the neutral stimulus that now elicits a response is a conditioned stimulus. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect: A neutral response is not a standard term in classical conditioning; a conditioned response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus, not the neutral stimulus itself; a reinforcer is a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior happening again, which is not the same as a conditioned stimulus.

4. Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.

• A. egocentrism
• B. language
• C. sensorimotor activity
• D. self-reflection

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Vygotsky believed that language plays a crucial role in the development of higher cognitive functions. Language enables individuals to communicate, think abstractly, and engage in complex problem-solving, forming the foundation for higher cognitive processes. Egocentrism (Choice A) refers to a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not Vygotsky's. Sensorimotor activity (Choice C) is part of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, focusing on how infants understand the world through sensory experiences and physical actions. Self-reflection (Choice D) involves introspection and examination of one's thoughts and feelings, which is not the central concept in Vygotsky's theory.

5. Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause __________.

• A. spina bifida
• B. anencephaly
• C. cerebral palsy
• D. muscular dystrophy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, often due to a lack of oxygen during labor and delivery. Spina bifida (Choice A) is a neural tube defect that occurs during embryonic development and is not directly caused by anoxia during labor. Anencephaly (Choice B) is a severe neural tube defect where the baby is born without parts of the brain and skull, not typically caused by anoxia during labor. Muscular dystrophy (Choice D) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and is not directly related to anoxia during labor and delivery.

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