ATI RN
Pathophysiology Final Exam
1. Which physiologic response is most likely to accompany activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
- A. Increased heart rate
- B. Increased gastric motility
- C. Pupil dilation
- D. Sweating
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased gastric motility. The parasympathetic nervous system is known to promote rest and digest functions, which includes increasing gastric motility to aid in digestion. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are more characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response, leading to increased heart rate (Choice A), pupil dilation (Choice C), and sweating (Choice D) among other responses.
2. Although technology has seen many advances, which two ethical principles may be in conflict because of technology?
- A. Beneficence and justice
- B. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
- C. Beneficence and veracity
- D. Beneficence and confidentiality
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Beneficence and nonmaleficence. Beneficence is the ethical principle of doing good to benefit others, while nonmaleficence is the principle of doing no harm to others. With technological advances, there can be a conflict between these two principles, as the benefits of technology may inadvertently cause harm, leading to an ethical dilemma. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while beneficence is involved in all options, the conflicting principle of nonmaleficence specifically addresses the avoidance of harm, making it the most relevant in the context of technology's impact on ethical principles.
3. Which of the following signs and symptoms would the nurse expect to find when assessing an Asian patient for postoperative pain following abdominal surgery?
- A. Decreased blood pressure and heart rate and shallow respirations
- B. Quiet crying
- C. Immobility, diaphoresis, and avoidance of deep breathing or coughing
- D. Changing position every 2 hours
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Immobility, diaphoresis, and avoidance of deep breathing or coughing are common signs of pain.
4. The nurse prepares to administer digoxin (Lanoxin) to a newborn with a diagnosis of heart failure and notes that the apical rate is 140 beats per minute. Which nursing action is appropriate?
- A. Hold the medication
- B. Administer the digoxin
- C. Notify the healthcare provider
- D. Recheck the apical rate in 1 hour
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is to administer the digoxin. An apical rate of 140 bpm is within the normal range for a newborn. Digoxin is commonly prescribed for heart failure in newborns to help improve cardiac function. Holding the medication or notifying the healthcare provider is not necessary as the heart rate is normal for a newborn. Rechecking the apical rate in 1 hour is not needed since the heart rate is within the expected range.
5. Which of the following is a chronic lung disease that results in the gradual destruction of the alveoli, causing difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen exchange?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Pulmonary hypertension
- D. Sarcoidosis
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Emphysema is the correct answer as it is a chronic lung disease characterized by the gradual destruction of the alveoli, which are essential for oxygen exchange. This destruction leads to difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen levels in the blood. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not specifically involving alveoli destruction. Pulmonary hypertension is a condition of high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, not directly related to alveoli destruction. Sarcoidosis is a disease characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells in different parts of the body, including the lungs, but it does not primarily involve the destruction of alveoli.
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