Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is true regarding health care systems today?

• A. They are all managed care organizations.
• B. They are all privately owned.
• C. Only HMOs are profitable.
• D. There are multiple types of organizations.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'There are multiple types of organizations.' This statement is true as there are various health care delivery systems in today's world, including but not limited to managed care organizations, privately owned facilities, and other models. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because not all health care systems are managed care organizations, privately owned, or only profitable if they are HMOs. Health care systems can vary in ownership, management, and profitability, making choice D the most accurate.

2. A nurse is initiating a protective environment for a client who has had an allogeneic stem cell transplant. Which of the following precautions should the nurse plan for this client?

• A. Wear an N95 respirator when giving direct care to the client.
• B. Place the client in a private room with negative-pressure airflow.
• C. Ensure the client's room has at least six air exchanges per hour.
• D. Ensure the client wears a mask when outside their room if there is construction in the area.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a protective environment for a client with an allogeneic stem cell transplant, the nurse needs to wear an N95 respirator when providing direct care to the client. This precaution is essential to protect the client, whose immune system is compromised after the transplant, from exposure to potential pathogens. Placing the client in a private room with negative-pressure airflow (choice B) is more appropriate for clients with airborne infections. Ensuring the client's room has sufficient air exchanges (choice C) is important for maintaining air quality but is not the primary precaution for protecting an immunocompromised client. Making the client wear a mask when outside the room due to construction (choice D) focuses on external factors and does not directly address the risk of infection during direct care.

3. The type of theory that discusses how motivation works to direct a person's efforts is:

• A. Reinforcement.
• B. Operant.
• C. Conditioning.
• D. Process.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Process. Process theory focuses on how motivation directs an individual's efforts into performance. Reinforcement theory, on the other hand, views motivation as a form of learning. It involves operant conditioning, where behavior is associated with consequences. Conditioning is a broad term that includes both classical and operant conditioning, but it does not specifically address how motivation directs efforts. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of discussing how motivation works to direct a person's efforts.

4. Which of the following clients would most likely be selected for case management?

• A. An adolescent with a gunshot wound who is in the ER.
• B. A young adult with a fractured pelvis.
• C. An elderly client awaiting a hip replacement.
• D. A 41-year-old client admitted for outpatient tonsillectomy.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, an elderly client awaiting a hip replacement. This choice is most likely selected for case management because hip replacements are common surgical procedures with high volume in hospitals, making it appropriate for case management. Choices A, B, and D involve acute care conditions but do not typically require the same level of coordination and management that a hip replacement case would. Therefore, they are less likely to be selected for case management.

5. Which of the following is a challenge the profession of nursing faced?

• A. Nursing contributing to the stigma of AIDS in the 1980s out of fear.
• B. Nursing practice flourishing in field hospitals during the Korean War with abundant supplies and equipment.
• C. Many nurses feeling frustrated with the lack of independent functioning after the Vietnam War.
• D. A decline in the number of hospice nurses due to ethical dilemmas.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. After the Vietnam War, many nurses felt frustrated with the lack of independent functioning when they returned home. This challenge was faced by the profession of nursing as nurses who functioned independently in mobile hospital units during the war found themselves restricted in their practice upon returning. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not address the specific challenge of lack of independent functioning faced by nurses after the Vietnam War.

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