Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is a common criticism against Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

• A. The sequence of stages is not fixed.
• B. Research has not supported the existence of the preoperational stage.
• C. Piaget put a heavy emphasis on the environment, ignoring the importance of mental processes.
• D. Children develop abilities earlier than Piaget theorized.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because one common criticism of Piaget's theory is that children often acquire cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget proposed. This criticism suggests that Piaget's stages might not be as fixed or rigid as he believed. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: A is a characteristic of Piaget's theory; B is not a common criticism, as research generally supports the existence of Piaget's stages; and C is inaccurate, as Piaget actually emphasized the importance of mental processes in cognitive development.

2. What is extinction and how might it be used in treating a disorder?

• A. Extinction strengthens the conditioned response by continuously pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.
• B. Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
• C. Extinction is ineffective and is not used in treating disorders.
• D. Extinction is the process of intensifying the conditioned response by pairing the conditioned stimulus with a stronger unconditioned stimulus.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. This helps in reducing or eliminating undesired behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because extinction does not strengthen the conditioned response but weakens it. Choice C is also incorrect as extinction is a valid technique used in treating disorders by reducing unwanted behaviors. Choice D is incorrect as extinction does not involve intensifying the conditioned response but rather diminishing it.

3. What role does brain development play in psychopathology?

• A. Brain development has no impact on psychopathology.
• B. Brain development plays a crucial role in the onset of many mental disorders.
• C. Brain development is only linked to physical disabilities, not mental disorders.
• D. Brain development is not associated with mental health.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Brain development plays a crucial role in the onset of many mental disorders. It affects how the brain processes information and responds to stress, influencing the development of psychopathology. Choice A is incorrect as brain development does impact psychopathology. Choice C is incorrect as brain development is linked to mental disorders as well. Choice D is incorrect as brain development has implications for mental health.

4. If a pair of monozygotic twins raised in the same environment end up being different from one another (e.g., interests, hobbies, etc.), it is highly likely due to:

• A. Cephalocaudal pattern
• B. Proximodistal pattern
• C. Cephamodistal pattern
• D. Gene-environment correlation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximodistal pattern. Differences between monozygotic twins raised in the same environment are likely due to non-shared environmental influences, which lead to differences in interests, hobbies, and other individual characteristics. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Cephalocaudal pattern refers to the principle of development from head to toe, not relevant in explaining differences between twins. Cephamodistal pattern is not a recognized developmental term. Gene-environment correlation does not directly explain the differences between identical twins raised in the same environment.

5. Most behavioral disorders are determined primarily by ________.

• A. genetics
• B. upbringing
• C. diet
• D. environment

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Genetics play a significant role in the development of behavioral disorders. While upbringing, diet, and environment can also influence behavior, genetics are often the primary factor in determining behavioral disorders. Choice B (upbringing) can contribute to behavior but is not the sole determinant of behavioral disorders. Choice C (diet) can impact behavior but is not the primary factor in behavioral disorders. Choice D (environment) can also influence behavior, but genetics typically play a more significant role in determining behavioral disorders.

Similar Questions