Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for the age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle?

• A. Mental age
• B. Chronological age
• C. Functional age
• D. Gestational age

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Gestational age. Gestational age is calculated from the first day of the expectant mother's last menstrual cycle, providing an estimate of how far along the pregnancy is. Mental age (choice A), refers to an individual's level of cognitive functioning in relation to others of the same age group. Chronological age (choice B) is a person's actual age in years. Functional age (choice C) refers to how well a person is able to perform various activities compared to their chronological age.

2. What are psychology's intellectual parents?

• A. Physics and physiology.
• B. Philosophy and physiology.
• C. Chemistry and physics.
• D. Philosophy and chemistry.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Psychology's intellectual parents are philosophy and physiology. Philosophy contributed to the early development of psychology by exploring questions about the mind and behavior, while physiology provided a scientific foundation for understanding the biological aspects of human psychology. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the disciplines that significantly influenced the emergence of psychology as a distinct field of study.

3. Scientific research has demonstrated the __________ parenting style is most likely to lead to healthy psychological development in children.

• A. Authoritarian
• B. Permissive
• C. Authoritative
• D. Neglectful

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Scientific research has demonstrated that the authoritative parenting style is most likely to lead to healthy psychological development in children. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children's emotional needs, set clear boundaries, and encourage independence. This balance fosters a positive environment for children to thrive emotionally and psychologically. Authoritarian parenting (choice A) focuses on strict rules without much warmth, which can lead to obedience but may hinder emotional development. Permissive parenting (choice B) lacks structure and rules, potentially resulting in children feeling insecure. Neglectful parenting (choice D) is characterized by a lack of responsiveness and involvement, leading to various negative outcomes for the child's development.

4. You are taking part in a survey that asks about your attitudes toward physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. Which of the following terms best describes why you answered the way you did?

• A. Random responding
• B. Faking bad
• C. Placebo effect
• D. Social desirability

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, social desirability. Social desirability bias occurs when respondents answer questions in a way they think will be viewed favorably by others, rather than according to their true beliefs. In this scenario, the respondent may feel pressured to provide an answer that aligns with societal norms or expectations, even if it contradicts their personal beliefs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Random responding refers to answering survey questions haphazardly, without consideration. Faking bad is intentionally providing extreme or negative responses. The placebo effect is a phenomenon where a person's belief in a treatment's effectiveness produces a positive outcome, unrelated to the treatment's actual effects.

5. What is the significance of the diathesis-stress model in understanding mental disorders?

• A. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stress alone causes mental disorders.
• B. The diathesis-stress model suggests that both genetic predisposition and environmental stress are necessary for the development of mental disorders.
• C. The diathesis-stress model is outdated and irrelevant.
• D. The diathesis-stress model focuses only on environmental factors.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model suggests that both genetic predisposition and environmental stress are necessary for the development of mental disorders, highlighting the interaction between nature and nurture. Choice A is incorrect because the model emphasizes the combined influence of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors. Choice C is incorrect as the diathesis-stress model remains a valuable framework in understanding mental health. Choice D is incorrect because the model considers both genetic and environmental factors, not solely environmental factors.

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