Nursing Elites

1. What neurotransmitter was first believed to be the cause of schizophrenia?

• A. GABA
• B. Serotonin
• C. Epinephrine
• D. Dopamine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is Dopamine. Dopamine was initially thought to be the primary cause of schizophrenia. This neurotransmitter hypothesis was based on the observation that drugs that increase dopamine activity can worsen symptoms of schizophrenia, while drugs that decrease dopamine activity can improve symptoms. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because GABA, serotonin, and epinephrine were not the neurotransmitters initially believed to be the cause of schizophrenia.

2. Which term refers to events that typically happen to everyone at certain times of life?

• A. Normative age-graded influence
• B. Social clock
• C. Sensitive period
• D. Normative history-graded influences

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Normative age-graded influence. Normative age-graded influences are events that typically happen to everyone at certain life stages, such as marriage, parenthood, puberty, and menopause. Choice B, 'Social clock,' refers to the culturally preferred timing of social events. Choice C, 'Sensitive period,' represents a time when a particular development occurs most easily. Choice D, 'Normative history-graded influences,' are common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances.

3. What is the biopsychosocial model?

• A. A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental disorders.
• B. A model that emphasizes the interaction between biological and psychological factors, excluding social influences.
• C. The biopsychosocial model emphasizes only psychological factors in mental disorders.
• D. The biopsychosocial model is a purely biological approach to mental health.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The biopsychosocial model is a comprehensive approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental disorders. Choice A is correct because it accurately describes how this model integrates these three factors. Choice B is incorrect as it excludes social influences from the model. Choice C is incorrect because it states that the model only emphasizes psychological factors, which is not true. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that the model is purely biological, which is also inaccurate.

4. What is a set of age norms defining a sequence of life experiences that is considered normal in a given culture and that all individuals in that culture are expected to follow, which may lead to ____?

• A. Normative age-graded influence; sexism
• B. Social clock; ageism
• C. Critical period; normative age-graded influence
• D. Sensitive period

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Social clock; ageism. A social clock refers to the normal sequence of life events in a culture, and not meeting these norms can result in ageism. Choice A is incorrect because normative age-graded influence is not directly related to sexism. Choice C is incorrect as critical period refers to specific time frames for development, not a set of age norms. Choice D, sensitive period, does not directly relate to the concept described in the question.

5. Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 and includes the Oedipal period is the ________ stage.

• A. genital
• B. oral
• C. phallic
• D. latency

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5, including the Oedipal period, is the phallic stage. During this stage, children experience the Oedipus or Electra complex, where they develop unconscious sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent and see the same-sex parent as a rival. The genital stage (Choice A) is the final stage where mature sexual interests emerge, oral (Choice B) and anal stages precede the phallic stage, and latency (Choice D) is a stage following the phallic stage characterized by a focus on developing social and cognitive skills.

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