Nursing Elites

1. Which term refers to high blood pressure, a condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high?

• A. Hypertension
• B. Hypotension
• C. Hyperlipidemia
• D. Diabetes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Hypertension. Hypertension is a condition characterized by persistently high blood pressure, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Choice B, Hypotension, refers to low blood pressure. Choice C, Hyperlipidemia, is the term for high levels of fats in the blood. Choice D, Diabetes, is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.

2. What is the term for the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per beat, determined by preload, contractility, and afterload?

• A. Stroke volume
• B. Cardiac output
• C. End-diastolic volume
• D. Ejection fraction

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stroke volume. Stroke volume refers to the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each heartbeat. This is determined by preload (the degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole), contractility (the force of myocardial contraction), and afterload (the pressure or resistance that the ventricle must overcome to eject blood). Choice B, Cardiac output, is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is calculated by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume. Choice C, End-diastolic volume, is the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole before contraction. Choice D, Ejection fraction, is the proportion of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction, calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the end-diastolic volume.

3. Which test measures how well the lungs work by assessing the amount of air the lungs can hold and how quickly air can be exhaled?

• A. Spirometry
• B. Pulse oximetry
• C. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
• D. Chest X-ray

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Spirometry. Spirometry is a pulmonary function test that evaluates lung function by measuring the amount of air a person can exhale and how quickly, assisting in the diagnosis of conditions such as asthma and COPD. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because Pulse oximetry measures oxygen saturation in the blood, Arterial blood gas (ABG) evaluates blood pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels, and a Chest X-ray provides an image of the lungs but does not measure lung function.

4. Which structure serves as the normal pacemaker of the heart?

• A. SA node
• B. AV node
• C. Purkinje fibers
• D. Atria

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the SA node. The sinoatrial (SA) node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart as it generates electrical impulses initiating each heartbeat. The SA node is located in the right atrium and sets the rhythm and rate of the heartbeat. The AV node (choice B) is responsible for delaying the electrical impulse to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles. Purkinje fibers (choice C) are specialized cardiac fibers responsible for the rapid conduction of impulses to the myocardial cells, and the atria (choice D) are the upper chambers of the heart involved in receiving blood from the veins.

5. Which valve opens during ventricular systole and closes during ventricular diastole?

• A. Aortic valve
• B. Pulmonary valve
• C. Mitral valve
• D. Tricuspid valve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve opens during ventricular systole to allow blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. The aortic valve opens during ventricular systole to allow blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. The mitral valve and tricuspid valve are atrioventricular valves that open during ventricular diastole to allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles.

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