Nursing Elites

1. What type of medication is used to relax the muscles around the airways and improve breathing in conditions like asthma and COPD?

• A. Bronchodilator
• B. Corticosteroid
• C. Mucolytic
• D. Antihistamine

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Bronchodilators are medications that relax the muscles around the airways, improving airflow and making breathing easier for patients with asthma or COPD. Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce airway inflammation, while mucolytics help in thinning and clearing mucus. Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and not specifically to improve breathing in conditions like asthma or COPD.

2. When administering enoxaparin (Lovenox) to a client for DVT prophylaxis, what is the most important lab value to monitor?

• A. Platelet count
• B. PT/INR
• C. aPTT
• D. Hemoglobin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Platelet count. When administering enoxaparin (Lovenox) for DVT prophylaxis, it is crucial to monitor the platelet count as enoxaparin can lead to thrombocytopenia, a decrease in platelet levels. Monitoring the platelet count helps in early detection of this potential adverse effect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because PT/INR, aPTT, and hemoglobin levels are not the most important lab values to monitor specifically for enoxaparin administration and DVT prophylaxis.

3. Which disease is characterized by the damage to the alveoli in the lungs, leading to breathlessness?

• A. Emphysema
• B. Pulmonary fibrosis
• C. Lung cancer
• D. Lung abscess

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Emphysema. Emphysema is a lung condition characterized by the damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, which results in breathlessness and reduced lung function. Pulmonary fibrosis (B) is a condition where lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred, leading to stiffness in the lungs. Lung cancer (C) is a malignancy affecting the lungs, which can cause various symptoms depending on the stage. Lung abscess (D) is a localized collection of pus within the lung tissue, typically caused by a bacterial infection.

4. What is a surgical procedure where a blood vessel is grafted to bypass a blocked coronary artery, improving blood flow to the heart muscle?

• A. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
• B. Valve replacement
• C. Angioplasty
• D. Endarterectomy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). CABG involves grafting a blood vessel to bypass a blocked coronary artery, enhancing blood flow to the heart muscle. This procedure helps reduce the risk of heart attack by restoring proper blood circulation to the heart. Choice B, valve replacement, is a different surgical procedure that involves replacing damaged or dysfunctional heart valves. Choice C, angioplasty, is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels. Choice D, endarterectomy, is the surgical removal of plaque from the lining of an artery to improve blood flow.

5. Which neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to increase heart rate and the force of contraction of the heart?

• A. Norepinephrine
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Dopamine
• D. Acetylcholine

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system that increases heart rate and the force of contraction. Epinephrine, though similar, is more involved in the fight-or-flight response and has a broader range of effects on various organs. Dopamine is not primarily responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that predominantly acts on the parasympathetic nervous system to decrease heart rate and contractility.

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