Nursing Elites

1. What is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, leading to thick, sticky mucus that can clog the airways?

• A. Cystic fibrosis
• B. COPD
• C. Bronchiectasis
• D. Pulmonary fibrosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs and digestive system. It leads to the production of thick, sticky mucus that can clog the airways, causing respiratory issues. Choice B, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), is a different condition usually caused by smoking or exposure to irritants. Choice C, bronchiectasis, involves the widening and scarring of the airways, not the production of thick mucus. Choice D, pulmonary fibrosis, is a lung disease characterized by scarring of the lung tissue, not excessive mucus production.

2. What is a condition where the heart muscle becomes abnormally enlarged, thickened, or stiffened, often leading to heart failure?

• A. Cardiomyopathy
• B. Pericarditis
• C. Aortic stenosis
• D. Mitral valve prolapse

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Cardiomyopathy is the correct answer. It is a condition characterized by the abnormal enlargement, thickening, or stiffening of the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure. Pericarditis (choice B) is inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, not directly related to heart muscle enlargement. Aortic stenosis (choice C) is the narrowing of the aortic valve opening, affecting blood flow from the heart, but not directly related to heart muscle enlargement. Mitral valve prolapse (choice D) is a condition where the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle doesn't close properly, causing blood to leak backward, and is not directly related to heart muscle enlargement.

3. Which type of medication helps to reduce blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels?

• A. Calcium channel blocker
• B. ACE inhibitor
• C. Beta-blocker
• D. Diuretic

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Calcium channel blocker. Calcium channel blockers work by relaxing the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood and reducing blood pressure. Choice B, ACE inhibitor, reduces blood pressure by blocking the production of angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels. Choice C, Beta-blocker, reduces heart rate and the heart's workload, not directly relaxing blood vessels. Choice D, Diuretic, reduces blood pressure by increasing urine output, reducing the volume of fluid in the blood vessels, rather than directly relaxing them.

4. The nurse is caring for a client with atrial fibrillation on dabigatran (Pradaxa). What is the most important instruction to give to the client?

• A. Take the medication with food to prevent stomach upset.
• B. Do not miss a dose and take it at the same time each day.
• C. Avoid consuming alcohol while on this medication.
• D. Monitor for signs of bleeding.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The most important instruction to give to a client on dabigatran (Pradaxa) is not to miss a dose and take it at the same time each day. This is crucial for maintaining the anticoagulant effect of the medication. Choice A is not necessary as dabigatran does not need to be taken with food. Choice C is important but not as crucial as ensuring proper dosing. Choice D is also important but falls behind in priority compared to maintaining consistent dosing.

5. Which structure serves as the normal pacemaker of the heart?

• A. SA node
• B. AV node
• C. Purkinje fibers
• D. Atria

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the SA node. The sinoatrial (SA) node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart as it generates electrical impulses initiating each heartbeat. The SA node is located in the right atrium and sets the rhythm and rate of the heartbeat. The AV node (choice B) is responsible for delaying the electrical impulse to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles. Purkinje fibers (choice C) are specialized cardiac fibers responsible for the rapid conduction of impulses to the myocardial cells, and the atria (choice D) are the upper chambers of the heart involved in receiving blood from the veins.

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