Nursing Elites

1. What is a condition where the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients?

• A. Stroke
• B. Heart attack
• C. Pulmonary embolism
• D. Pneumonia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to brain cell death and potential disability. Choice B, a heart attack, involves a blockage in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. Choice C, a pulmonary embolism, is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. Choice D, pneumonia, is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.

2. What is a condition where the heart beats too fast, reducing its ability to pump blood effectively?

• A. Tachycardia
• B. Bradycardia
• C. Arrhythmia
• D. Ventricular fibrillation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Tachycardia is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by a fast heart rate, which can decrease the heart's efficiency in pumping blood. Bradycardia, on the other hand, refers to a slow heart rate, which is the opposite of what is described in the question. Arrhythmia is a general term for any irregularity in the heart's rhythm, not necessarily specifically related to a fast heart rate. Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening arrhythmia where the heart's lower chambers quiver instead of pumping blood effectively, but it is not specifically characterized by a fast heart rate.

3. What is a condition where the heart's ability to pump blood is reduced because the heart muscle is enlarged, thickened, or stiffened?

• A. Cardiomyopathy
• B. Endocarditis
• C. Myocarditis
• D. Aortic stenosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Cardiomyopathy is the correct answer. It is a condition characterized by the enlargement, thickening, or stiffening of the heart muscle, leading to a reduced ability of the heart to pump blood effectively. Endocarditis (Choice B) is the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, not specifically related to the heart muscle. Myocarditis (Choice C) is inflammation of the heart muscle typically caused by a viral infection, not directly related to the heart muscle's structure. Aortic stenosis (Choice D) is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic valve opening, affecting blood flow from the heart's left ventricle to the aorta, different from the structural changes seen in cardiomyopathy.

4. The client on spironolactone should avoid which of the following?

• A. Foods high in potassium
• B. Foods high in sodium
• C. Foods high in calcium
• D. Foods high in chloride

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Foods high in potassium. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, meaning it helps the body retain potassium and excrete sodium. Consuming foods high in potassium while on spironolactone can lead to an excess of potassium in the body, potentially causing hyperkalemia. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because spironolactone does not directly interact with sodium, calcium, or chloride in a way that would require specific dietary restrictions related to these minerals.

5. Which term refers to the ability of the heart to initiate impulses repetitively and spontaneously?

• A. Contractility
• B. Excitability
• C. Automaticity
• D. Rhythmicity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Automaticity. Automaticity is the specific term used to describe the heart's ability to generate impulses repetitively and spontaneously. Contractility (A) refers to the ability of muscle fibers to contract, not the initiation of impulses. Excitability (B) is the ability of cells to respond to stimuli but is not specific to the heart's impulse generation. Rhythmicity (D) is a related term but does not specifically describe the heart's spontaneous impulse initiation.

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