Nursing Elites

1. Does the reduction in oxidative damage that occurs with energy restriction in animals also occur in people whose diets include _____?

• A. fiber and carbohydrates
• B. fatty acids and protein
• C. probiotics
• D. antioxidants and phytochemicals

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'antioxidants and phytochemicals'. Antioxidants and phytochemicals help reduce oxidative damage in the body, contributing to healthy aging and a lower risk of chronic diseases. This is the same effect observed in animals when their energy intake is restricted. The other choices are incorrect as there is no direct evidence connecting reduced oxidative damage with diets high in fiber and carbohydrates, fatty acids and protein, or probiotics.

2. Approximately 75% of reputable producers of bottled water use groundwater as their water source. Plain tap water is the most natural source of fluids.

• A. Both statements are true.
• B. Both statements are false.
• C. The first statement is true; the second is false.
• D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Both statements are true. Approximately 75% of reputable producers of bottled water use groundwater as their water source, which is the same source as the public water supply. Plain tap water, coming from underground sources or reservoirs, is indeed a natural source of fluids. The first statement is supported by the fact that groundwater is a common source for bottled water due to its purity and taste. The second statement is true as tap water is sourced from natural reservoirs or underground aquifers in most cases, making it a natural fluid source for consumption. Other choices are incorrect because both statements are factually accurate based on common practices in the production and sourcing of bottled water and tap water.

3. A client who has chronic lymphocytic leukemia is starting chemotherapy treatments and asks if she needs to make any dietary changes. Which of the following statements should the nurse make?

• A. "You should avoid drinking liquids an hour before the treatments."?
• B. "Eating low-calorie foods helps prevent nausea."?
• C. "Foods that are higher in fat are usually more appealing."?
• D. "Raw fruits and vegetables will be easier for your body to digest."?

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During chemotherapy treatments for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, raw fruits and vegetables are recommended as they are easier for the body to digest. This choice provides essential nutrients and is gentle on the digestive system. Option A is incorrect because staying hydrated is crucial during chemotherapy. Option B is incorrect as low-calorie foods may not provide sufficient energy during treatment. Option C is incorrect because high-fat foods are not typically recommended due to potential digestive issues.

4. Which adolescent student lunch, evaluated by the school nurse, is the least nutritious?

• A. Ham sandwich, apple, and milk
• B. Hamburger, fries, and soft drink
• C. Macaroni and cheese, green beans, and peaches
• D. Meatloaf, broccoli, and pear slices

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hamburger, fries, and soft drink. This meal is considered the least nutritious among the options provided due to its high content of unhealthy fats, processed carbohydrates, and added sugars, which lack essential nutrients. On the other hand, choice A: Ham sandwich, apple, and milk, offers a balanced meal with protein, fiber, vitamins, and calcium. Choice C: Macaroni and cheese, green beans, and peaches, provides a mixture of carbohydrates, vegetables, and fruits. Choice D: Meatloaf, broccoli, and pear slices, includes protein, fiber, and vitamins. Thus, all choices except B provide a more balanced and nutritious meal.

5. What instruction should a nurse include when teaching a client who has recently been prescribed a low-sodium diet?

• A. Avoid foods such as smoked meats and frozen dinners.
• B. Select foods with less than 4g of sodium as indicated on food labels.
• C. Use soy sauce for flavoring foods instead of table salt.
• D. Processed and prepared foods are typically low in sodium.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, which directs the client to avoid foods such as smoked meats and frozen dinners. These types of foods are typically high in sodium, making them unsuitable for a low-sodium diet. Option B is incorrect because foods with less than 4g of sodium might still be high in sodium for individuals on low-sodium diets. The daily recommended intake of sodium for a low-sodium diet is usually around 1.5g to 2g. Hence, 4g of sodium in a single food product can be excessive. Option C is incorrect as soy sauce, although a different source of flavor, is also high in sodium and should be used sparingly, if at all, in a low-sodium diet. Option D is incorrect because processed and prepared foods are usually not low in sodium. In fact, these foods often have high sodium content due to added salts and preservatives.

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