Nursing Elites

1. T. Berry Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) evaluates a newborn's __________.

• A. risk for developmental problems
• B. ability to comply with parental commands and responsiveness to touch
• C. reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to stimulation
• D. heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color

Correct answer: C

Rationale: T. Berry Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) evaluates a newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to stimulation. This assessment helps healthcare providers understand the newborn's behavioral responses and capabilities in various areas, providing valuable insights into their overall development and well-being. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the NBAS focuses on assessing the newborn's behavioral responses and capabilities, rather than their risk for developmental problems, compliance with commands, or physiological parameters like heart rate and respiratory effort.

2. Evolutionary developmental psychology __________.

• A. focuses on how the structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world
• B. seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age
• C. views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
• D. brings together researchers from many fields to study changes in the brain and behavior patterns

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Evolutionary developmental psychology seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age. This field focuses on how psychological traits and behaviors have evolved to enhance survival and reproduction over time. It emphasizes the interaction between evolutionary principles and developmental processes to provide insights into human behavior and cognition. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the primary focus of evolutionary developmental psychology. Choice A is more aligned with cognitive psychology, choice C relates to cognitive science, and choice D could pertain to multidisciplinary approaches but not specifically to evolutionary developmental psychology.

3. At Kohlberg's Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law.

• A. 3, the 'good boy/good girl' orientation
• B. 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
• C. 5, the social contract orientation
• D. 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: '5, the social contract orientation.' At Kohlberg's Stage 5, individuals begin to question their own social order and focus on principles of justice and fairness. This stage emphasizes the importance of social contracts and agreements based on mutual benefit. Choice A is incorrect as the 'good boy/good girl' orientation is characteristic of Stage 3. Choice B, the social-order-maintaining orientation, does not align with the description provided in the question. Choice D, the universal ethical principle orientation, is associated with Stage 6, where individuals act based on self-chosen ethical principles.

4. When children are research participants, __________.

• A. Investigators need to seek the opinion of others if in doubt about the harmful effects of research.
• B. They have the right to concealment of their identity on information collected in the course of research.
• C. There is a need to inform them or their parents of the results of the research.
• D. Informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When children are research participants, it is essential to obtain informed consent from their parents or others who act on their behalf. This is to ensure that the child's rights and well-being are protected during the research process. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving children, as they may not have the capacity to fully understand the implications of their participation. Choice A is incorrect because seeking the opinion of others when in doubt about harmful effects is not a substitute for informed consent. Choice B is incorrect because children do not have an absolute right to conceal their identity in research, especially when it comes to ensuring their safety and well-being. Choice C is incorrect as it is important to inform children or their parents about the results of the research to maintain transparency and respect for their participation.

5. Which expectant mother has the greatest risk of a baby born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

• A. Chloe, a Caucasian American
• B. Latima, an African American
• C. Yvonne, a Native American
• D. Ming, an Asian American Answer: C Page Ref: 85 Skill Level: Apply known or suspected teratogens. Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to research, Native American populations have the highest prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in the United States. This increased risk is due to various social, cultural, and environmental factors within Native American communities.

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