Nursing Elites

1. Regarding a baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, stress hormones __________. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 21 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

• A. endanger the newborn
• B. arouse the infant into alertness
• C. cause the cervix to thin and the uterine wall to contract
• D. cause the mother to breathe deeply, increasing the infant’s oxygen supply Answer: B Page Ref: 94 Skill Level: Understand newborn baby’s appearance. Topic: Childbirth Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Stress hormones during labor and delivery actually help arouse the infant into alertness. These hormones can promote the infant's readiness to adapt to the new environment outside the womb.

2. The information-processing perspective __________.

• A. examines separate aspects of thinking
• B. fails to consider biological influences on cognitive development
• C. applies only to children in cultures having formal schooling
• D. focuses on overall cognitive change

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The information-processing perspective focuses on how individuals process, store, and retrieve information. Choice A, 'examines separate aspects of thinking,' accurately reflects this perspective. The other choices are incorrect. Choice B is incorrect because the information-processing perspective does consider biological influences on cognitive development. Choice C is incorrect as this perspective is not limited to children in cultures with formal schooling. Choice D is incorrect as the information-processing perspective does not focus on overall cognitive change, but rather on the specific processes involved in information processing.

3. According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the __________. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 20 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

• A. microsystem
• B. mesosystem
• C. exosystem
• D. macrosystem Answer: A Page Ref: 23 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the microsystem. The microsystem refers to the immediate social context in which an individual lives, such as interactions with family members, friends, and teachers. Marina and Tyler's interactions within their family unit would be considered part of the microsystem.

4. Dr. Dias's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which conclusion is supported by this study?

• A. The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
• B. The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
• C. A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse.
• D. A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Dr. Dias's research findings indicate a correlation between the death of a spouse and a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. This correlation suggests a relationship between the two variables, but it does not necessarily imply a direct cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, the correct conclusion supported by this study is option B - 'The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.' Option A is too direct in its causation claim, which is not proven by correlation alone. Option C reverses the cause and effect relationship suggested by the research. Option D introduces an unrelated third variable, which is not supported by the study's findings.

5. Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.

• A. the tertiary circular reaction
• B. reflexive schemes
• C. object permanence
• D. deferred imitation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Avery demonstrating the ability to retrieve his ball hidden under a blanket indicates that he has started to understand object permanence. Object permanence is the concept that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. This milestone typically occurs around 8-12 months of age. The other choices are incorrect. Option A, the tertiary circular reaction, is related to Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development but does not specifically address object permanence. Reflexive schemes (Option B) refer to simple, reflex-like behaviors and are not directly linked to object permanence. Deferred imitation (Option D) involves the ability to imitate actions observed at an earlier time, which is a different developmental milestone compared to object permanence.

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