Nursing Elites

1. Nine-year-old Krista gives part of her allowance to charity and collects canned goods for the food bank through her scout troop. Krista is developing __________.

• A. pride
• B. empathy
• C. guilt
• D. inferiority

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: empathy. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, which is a crucial social development in childhood. In this scenario, Krista's actions of giving to charity and collecting goods for the food bank demonstrate her growing empathy towards those in need. Choice A, pride, does not capture the essence of understanding and sharing others' feelings. Choice C, guilt, is not appropriate as there is no indication that Krista feels guilty about her actions. Choice D, inferiority, is unrelated to the positive behavior displayed by Krista.

2. Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.

• A. practice effects
• B. participant dropout
• C. sequential timing
• D. cohort effects

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cross-sectional studies can be threatened by cohort effects because different age groups may have experienced different historical or social contexts, influencing the results. This disparity can lead to invalid comparisons between age groups, confounding the study's findings. Option A, practice effects, refer to changes in participants' behavior due to repeated testing, not a specific threat to cross-sectional studies. Participant dropout (Option B) is a threat related to attrition in longitudinal studies, not cross-sectional studies. Sequential timing (Option C) does not pose a threat to cross-sectional studies; instead, it refers to the order of tasks in a study design.

3. Which country does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and well-being?

• A. Sweden
• B. Spain
• C. Australia
• D. The United States

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The United States is the correct answer as it ranks poorly in measures of children's health and well-being compared to other developed nations. According to the extract provided, the United States does not perform well in this aspect. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as there is no information provided suggesting that Sweden, Spain, or Australia do not rank well on key measures of children's health and well-being.

4. Which of the following best describes a sequential design?

• A. Does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.
• B. Permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.
• C. Is less efficient than a longitudinal design.
• D. Makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A sequential design permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating. This design involves combining cross-sectional and longitudinal research, allowing for the comparison of different cohorts at different ages. By using this approach, researchers can determine if developmental changes observed are due to age or generation-specific factors. Therefore, a sequential design is valuable in addressing the potential influence of cohort effects on developmental outcomes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a sequential design does not neglect diversity in developmental outcomes, is not necessarily less efficient than a longitudinal design, and can make both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons.

5. Increasingly, researchers __________.

• A. assume that development stops at adolescence
• B. view old age as a period of decline
• C. view heredity as more influential than the environment
• D. see development as a perpetually ongoing process Answer: D Page Ref: 7 Skill Level: Understand Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 4 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Increasingly, researchers see development as a perpetually ongoing process. This perspective emphasizes that development continues throughout the lifespan, rather than stopping at a particular age like adolescence. Researchers now focus on understanding how individuals change and grow over time, recognizing that development is a lifelong journey influenced by both biological and environmental factors.

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